Bovine Reproduction

– the Starting Point for Nutritional Management Post‐Weaning Nutritional Management – Protein and Energy Mineral and Vitamin Nutrition Heifer Development Bull Nutrition Fetal Programming Specific Nutritional Challenges – Pine‐Needle‐Induced Abortion Specific Nutritional Challenges – Fescue Toxicosis and Fertility Summary References 32 Interaction of Nutrition and Reproduction in the Dairy Cow Introduction Reproductive Goals Transition Period Retained Placenta and Metritis Ketosis and Hepatic Lipidosis β‐Glucans Milk Urea Nitrogen NEFA Concentration and Oocyte Formation Nutritional Heat Stress Abatement Body Condition Score Methionine Minerals and Vitamins Summary References 33 Cystic Ovarian Follicles Introduction Terminology Incidence Pathophysiology of COF Formation Clinical Signs Diagnosis Treatment Strategies Associations Summary References 34 Postpartum Anestrus and Its Management in Dairy Cattle Introduction Physiological Basis for Postpartum Anestrus and Resumption of Cyclicity Nutritional Intervention Therapeutic Intervention Summary References 35 Estrus Detection Introduction Physiology of Estrus Signs of Estrus in Cattle Factors Affecting Estrus Expression and Detection Visual Observation as a Method for Estrus Detection Artificial Insemination Based on Estrus Detection Estrus Detection Efficiency Estrus Detection Aids Summary References 36 Artificial Insemination Introduction Semen Tank Management Frozen Semen Storage Tips to Minimize Thermal Injury Semen Thawing Method Semen Handling After Thawing Tips to Prevent Cold Shock in Cold Weather Semen Straw Retrieval, Thawing, and Handling Tips Insemination Timing of Insemination Summary References 37 Pharmacological Intervention of Estrous Cycles Introduction Ovarian Follicular Dynamics Pharmacological Control of New Wave Emergence Controlling the Lifespan of the Corpus Luteum Synchronization of Estrus Synchronization of Ovulation Split‐Time AI Summary References 38 Examination for Pregnancy: Rectal Palpation Introduction Cardinal Signs of Pregnancy Supportive Signs of Pregnancy Misdiagnosis and Differential Diagnoses Determining the Stage of Gestation Risks Associated with Transrectal Palpation Summary References 39 Examination for Pregnancy: Biochemical Tests Introduction Progesterone Concentration Pregnancy‐Associated Glycoproteins Early Pregnancy Factor Interferon‐Stimulated Genes Emerging Research Summary References 40 Ultrasound Evaluation of the Female Reproductive Tract Introduction Pregnancy Diagnosis Normal Uterine and Ovarian Structures Throughout the Estrous Cycle Ovarian Pathology Synchronization Protocols Uterine, Cervical and Vaginal Pathology Embryo Transfer Embryonic and Fetal Anomalies Artifacts References 41 Beef Herd Health for Optimal Reproduction Introduction Utilization of Diagnostics Designing Herd Vaccination Protocols Summary References 42 Dairy Herd Health for Optimal Reproduction Introduction Ketosis and Diseases of Transition Mastitis Lameness Heat Stress Prevention of Infectious Disease Developing and Implementing Reproductive Herd Health Programs Setting Goals Determining the Ideal VWP Strategies to Increase Insemination Rate Managing and Monitoring Fertilization Failure and Pregnancy Loss Evaluation for Pregnancy Status Monitoring Health Effects on Reproduction Summary References 43 Herd Diagnostic Testing Strategies Introduction Determining Diagnostic Test Usefulness Diagnostic Testing Strategy Summary References 44 Breeding Season Evaluation of Beef Herds Introduction Data Collection Analysis of Herd Records Summary References 45 Dairy Herd Record Analysis Introduction Dairy Reproductive Matrices Other Reproductive Analyses Replacement Heifer Reproduction Summary of Findings Summary References 46 Marketing the Bovine Reproductive Practice Introduction Principles in Marketing Devising the Marketing Plan Retention of the Client Evaluation of the Marketing Plan Summary References

17 Obstetrics and Reproductive Surgery 47 Management of Vaginal, Cervico‐Vaginal, and Uterine Prolapse Introduction Vaginal and Cervical Eversions Short‐Term Treatment Options Permanent or Semipermanent Treatment Options Uterine Eversion Discussion Acknowledgments References 48 Induction of Parturition and Abortion Introduction Physiologic and Endocrine Profiles of Pregnancy Induction of Parturition Induction of Abortion References 49 Management to Prevent Dystocia Introduction Fetopelvic Disproportion Risk Factors for Dystocia Heifer Management to Decrease Dystocia Management that Addresses Calf Birth Weight Effect of Calf Gender Effect of Season Fetal Malpresentation and Twining Genetic Effects Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Summary References 50 Dystocia and Accidents of Gestation Introduction Embryonic Death Fetal Death Developmental Defects and Congenital Anomalies Resulting in Fetal Death or Production of a Non‐Viable Neonate Vaginal Prolapse Uterine Torsion Hydropic Conditions Prepubic Tendon Rupture Prolonged Gestation Dystocia Uterine Prolapse References 51 Obstetrics Introduction Obstetric Terminology Basic Equipment Case Management References 52 Obstetrics: Cesarean Section Introduction Elective C‐Section Emergency C‐Section Overview of Surgical Approaches Restraint and Anesthesia Surgical Procedure: Standing Flank Approach Surgical Procedure: Ventral Midline Approach Postoperative Management and Complications References 53 Retained Fetal Membranes Introduction Definitions Developmental Morphology Etiology Placentome Maturation Endocrine Changes Structural Changes Immunological Changes Vascular Changes Contractile Changes Pathogenesis Direct Factors Indirect Factors Clinical Signs and Complications Treatment Prevention Summary Dedication Acknowledgments References 54 Postpartum Uterine Infection Introduction Risk Factors Pathogenesis Uterine Diseases References 55 Surgery to Restore Fertility Introduction Repair of Injuries Occurring from Dystocia Repair of Uterine Tears Injury to the Vulva, Vagina, and Cervix Rectovaginal Tears Management of Iatrogenic Injury from Artificial Insemination or Embryo Transfer Urovagina (Urine Pooling) Removal of a Mummified Fetus Via Colpotomy Unilateral Ovariectomy References

18 Pregnancy Wastage 56 Fetal Disease and Abortion Introduction Pathology Categories of Reproductive Loss Pathophysiology of Injury to the Conceptus Effects of Maternal Disease Routes of Infection to the Conceptus Route from the Placenta to the Fetus Lesions of the Placenta Lesions of the Fetus Outcome of Exposure to Abortifacient Agents Teratology Neoplasia Anatomy Approach to the Problem History/Background Investigation Specific Manifestations of the Conceptus Relating to Pathology Causes of Abortion Fetal Death (Days 42–260) Acknowledgments 56.A Appendix References 57 Infectious Agents Introduction Etiology Pathogenesis Bull Cow/Fetus Immune Response Clinical Signs Pathology Diagnosis Sample Collection Sample Transport Diagnostic Techniques Prevention, Control, and Treatment References 58 Infectious Agents: Tritrichomonas Introduction Organism Transmission and Clinical Signs Sample Collection, Testing, and Diagnosis Treatment and Vaccination Control and State Regulations Summary References 59 Infectious Agents Introduction Epidemiology Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Disease Diagnosis Control References 60 Infectious Agents Introduction Etiology Pathogenesis Immune Response Diagnostics Brucellosis in Wildlife Brucellosis Regulatory Programs Vaccination Human Infection Future Research Directions References 61 Infectious Agents Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Presentations Diagnosis Prevention and Control Summary References 62 Infectious Agents Introduction Prevalence Host Range Transmission Clinical Disease Syndromes Diagnosis, Prevention, and Control References 63 Infectious Agents Introduction Etiology Hosts Distribution and Seroprevalence Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Clinical Signs Diagnosis Control and Prophylaxis References 64 Infectious Agents Introduction Etiology Diagnosis Pathogenesis Transmission Control References 65 Infectious Agents Introduction Epidemiology Transmission Pathogenesis of Abortion Clinical Signs Diagnosis Control/Prevention Treatment References 66 Infectious Agents Introduction Mycotic Agents Pathogenesis and Pathology Diagnosis Specimens Microscopic and Histopathologic Examination Fungal Culture Methods and Molecular Identification Prevention and Control References 67 Compromised Pregnancy Success Caused by Heat Stress Introduction: Nature of the Problem Causes of Compromised Pregnancy Success Mechanism for Embryonic Mortality Caused by Heat Stress Developmental Acquisition of Thermotolerance by the Embryo Heat Stress and Pregnancy Loss Physiological Approaches for Improving Pregnancy Success During Heat Stress References 68 The Reproductive Tract Microbiome: Introduction Microbiome Research Methodology The Microbiota of the Human Reproductive Tract The Microbiota of the Bovine Reproductive Tract Implications of the Vaginal Microbiota in Compromised Pregnancy Summary References 69 Bovine Abortifacient and Teratogenic Toxins Introduction Nitrate‐/Nitrite‐Accumulating Plants Ponderosa Pine Ateleia glazioviana, Tetrapterys acutifolia, and Tetrapterys multiglandulosa Enterolobium spp. and Stryphnodendron spp. Hairy Vetch ( Vicia villosa ) Broom Snakeweed Sumpweed ( Iva angustifolia ) Moldy Sweet Clovers Teratogenic Plants Astragalus and Oxytropis (Locoweeds) Lupines Poison Hemlock ( Conium maculatum ) Tobacco Poisoning Veratrum californicum (False Hellebore) Mimosa s pp. Mycotoxins Ergot Alkaloids Ergotism Aflatoxins Zearalenone Phytoestrogens Trace Minerals and Heavy Metals Arsenic Cadmium Lead Selenium Toxicosis Vitamin A Endocrine‐Disrupting Compounds Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Polychlorinated Biphenyls Organochlorine Insecticides Organophosphate and Carbamate Insecticides Exogenous Hormones Pharmaceuticals References 70 Heritable Congenital Defects Introduction Event Investigation Arthrogryposis Multiplex Bovine Dwarfism Brachyspina Syndrome Complex Vertebral Malformation Congenital Contractural Arachnodactyly Developmental Duplication Hypotrichosis Inherited Congenital Myoclonus Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa Maple Syrup Urine Disease Neuropathic Hydrocephalus Oculocutaneous Hypopigmentation Osteopetrosis Pulmonary Hypoplasia with Anasarca Recessive Defects Discovered from the Absence of Homozygous Haplotypes Tibial Hemimelia Vertebral and Spinal Dysplasia Summary References 71 Abnormal Offspring Syndrome Introduction Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) in Cattle Abnormal Offspring Syndrome – An Overgrowth Syndrome in Ruminants that Recapitulates the Human Syndrome Beckwith–Wiedemann (BWS) Epigenetics, DNA Methylation, and Genomic Imprinting Abnormal Offspring Syndrome Summary Acknowledgments References

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