Biofuel Cells

1 Cover

2 Title Page

3 Copyright

4 Preface

5 1 Bioelectrocatalysis for Biofuel Cells 1.1 Introduction: Generalities of the Bioelectrocatalysis 1.2 Reactions of Interest in Bioelectrocatalysis 1.3 Immobilization of Biocatalyst 1.4 Supports for Immobilization of Enzymes and Microorganisms for Biofuel Cells 1.5 Electron Transfer Phenomena 1.6 Bioelectrocatalysis Control 1.7 Recent Applications of Bioelectrocatalysis References

6 2 Novel Innovations in Biofuel Cells 2.1 Introduction to Biological Fuel Cells 2.2 Conclusions and Future Perspectives Acknowledgment References

7 3 Implantable Biofuel Cells for Biomedical Applications 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Biofuel Cells 3.3 Enzymatic Biofuel Cells 3.4 Mechanism of Electron Transfer 3.5 Energy Sources in the Human Body 3.6 Biomedical Applications 3.7 Limitations 3.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Abbreviations

8 4 Enzymatic Biofuel Cells 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Enzyme Used in EBFCs 4.3 Enzyme Immobilization Materials 4.4 Applications of EBFCs 4.5 Challenges 4.6 Conclusion References

9 5 Introduction to Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC): Waste Matter to Electricity 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Operating Principles of MFC 5.3 Main Components and Materials of MFCs 5.4 Current and Prospective Applications of MFC Technology 5.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects Acknowledgment References

10 6 Flexible Biofuel Cells: An Overview 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Biofuel Cells (BFCs) 6.3 Needs for Flexible Biofuel Cell 6.4 Conclusion References

11 7 Carbon Nanomaterials for Biofuel Cells List of Abbreviations 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Types of Biofuel Cells 7.3 Carbon-Based Materials for Biofuel Cells 7.4 Applications of Biofuel Cells Using Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 7.5 Conclusion References

12 8 Glucose Biofuel Cells 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Merits of BFC Over FC 8.3 Glucose Oxidize (GOs) as Enzyme Catalyst in Glucose Biofuel Cells 8.4 General Experimental Technique for Fabrication of Enzyme GOs Immobilized Electrodes for Glucose Oxidation 8.5 General Method of Characterization of Fabricated Enzyme Immobilized Working Electrode 8.6 Determination of Electron Transfer Rate Constant (ks) 8.7 Denaturation of Enzymes 8.8 Conclusions Acknowledgments References

13 9 Photochemical Biofuel Cells 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Photosynthetic Biofuel Cell (PS-BFC) 9.3 Photovoltaic-Biofuel Cell (PV-BFC) 9.4 Photoelectrode Integrated-Biofuel Cell (PE-BFC) 9.5 Potential Fuels Generation and Their Performance From PEC-BFC 9.6 Conclusion References

14 10 Engineering Architectures for Biofuel Cells 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Role as Miniaturized Ones 10.3 Attractiveness 10.4 Architecture 10.5 Issues and Perspectives 10.6 Future Challenges in the Architectural Engineering 10.7 Conclusions References

15 11 Biofuel Cells for Commercial Applications 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Classification of Electrochemical Devices Based on Fuel Confinement 11.3 Application of Biofuel Cells 11.4 Conclusion References

16 12 Development of Suitable Cathode Catalyst for Biofuel Cells 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxygen Reduction Reaction 12.3 Techniques for Evaluating ORR Catalyst 12.4 Cathode Catalyst in BFCs 12.5 Chemical Catalyst 12.6 Microbial Catalyst 12.7 Enzymatic Catalyst for Biofuel Cell 12.8 Conclusion Acknowledgements References

17 13 Biofuel Cells for Water Desalination 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Biofuel Cell 13.3 Biofuel Cells for Desalination: Microbial Desalination Cell 13.4 Factors Affecting the Performance and Efficiency of Desalination Cells 13.5 Current Challenges and Further Prospects Acknowledgements References

18 14 Conventional Fuel Cells vs Biofuel Cells 14.1 Bioelectrochemical Cell 14.2 Types 14.3 Biofuel Cells 14.4 Types of Biofuel Cells 14.5 Conclusion References

19 15 State-of-the-Art and Prospective in Biofuel Cells: A Roadmap Towards Sustainability 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Membrane-Based and Membrane-Less Biofuel Cells 15.3 Enzymatic Biofuel Cells 15.4 Wearable Biofuel Cells 15.5 Fuels for Biofuel Cells 15.6 Roadmap to Sustainability 15.7 Conclusion and Future Direction Acknowledgements References

20 16 Anodes for Biofuel Cells 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Anode Material Properties 16.3 Anode 16.4 Anode Modification 16.5 Challenge and Future Perspectives 16.6 Conclusion Acknowledgements References

21 17 Applications of Biofuel Cells 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Fuel Cell 17.3 Biofuel Cells 17.4 Implantable Devices Powered by Using Biofuel Cell 17.5 Single Compartment EBFCs 17.6 Extracting Energy from Human Perspiration Through Epidermal Biofuel Cell 17.7 Mammalian Body Fluid as an Energy Source 17.8 Implantation of Enzymatic Biofuel Cell in Living Lobsters 17.9 Biofuel Cell Implanted in Snail 17.10 Application of Biofuel Cell 17.11 Conclusion References

22 Index

23 Also of Interest

24 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 (a) Structure of a subunit of glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger ... Figure 1.2 Molecular dynamics studies of the structure of the active site of wil... Figure 1.3 (a) Structure of laccase from Trametes versicolor elucidated by Bertr... Figure 1.4 Schematic of popular enzyme immobilization techniques. (a) Adsorption... Figure 1.5 Reactions of (a) primary and (b) secondary amines with aldehydes. (c)... Figure 1.6 Reactions of (a) primary and (b) secondary amines with epoxides. (c) ... Figure 1.7 (a) Schematic representation of a polarization curve for an ideal and... Figure 1.8 Structural and electronic modifications of supports to improve the el... Figure 1.9 Types of supports reported for biofuel cells. Figure 1.10 Schematic of the i − E curves for mediated and non-mediated electrod... Figure 1.11 Comparison of direct and mediated electron transfer in electrodes co... Figure 1.12 Characterization of the performance of a GOx anode and a Lac cathode... Figure 1.13 Integration of bioprocesses with microbial electrolysis cells (MEC). Figure 1.14 Overview of hypothetic mechanism for CH4 production from CO2. (a) In...

2 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 Schematic representation of a typical EFC. Figure 2.2 Photograph of a snail with implanted biocatalytic electrodes (Adapted... Figure 2.3 (a) Photograph of the implantation of microbioelectrodes into the rat... Figure 2.4 (a) Photograph of the biofuel cell sheet and LEDs connected with the ... Figure 2.5 Photograph of the contact lens encapsulated enzymatic biofuel cell an...

3 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1 Progress in the advancements in the biofuel cell efficiency. Figure 3.2 Basic design of a biofuel cell. Figure 3.3 Fabrication and performance of a 1.5-ml MFC device. (a) Schematic pre...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 A generalized schematic of an EBFC representing important components ...Figure 4.2 Schematic illustration of glucose oxidation by glucose oxidase in EBF...Figure 4.3 Different methods for the immobilization of enzymes.Figure 4.4 Different method for the enzyme immobilization on the support [39].Figure 4.5 Different methods of cross-linking enzymes for their immobilization [...Figure 4.6 A biocompatible EBFC based on bioelectrodes. EBFC components. Bioelec...Figure 4.7 Multiple sources of failure of implanted bioelectric devices [75].

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Working principle of a typical dual-chamber MFC.Figure 5.2 Main electron transfer mechanisms in microbial fuel cell (MFC).Figure 5.3 Integration of stacked MFC in Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in Da...Figure 5.4 Current applications of microbial fuel cell (MFC) platform.

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Schematic diagram of biofuel cell.Figure 6.2 Classification of fuel cell.Figure 6.3 Schematic diagram of a biofuel cell (enzyme based). Reproduced with p...Figure 6.4 Various implanTable/wearable medical microelectronic devices: pacemak...Figure 6.5 (a) Photograph of a flexible paper based device with a carbon black t...Figure 6.6 (a) Schematic representation of CNTF-based biofuel cell and (b) schem...Figure 6.7 Rewrapping structure of the fuel cell fabricated by using MWCNT sheet...Figure 6.8 (a) Image of the wearable enzyme-based biofuel cell which is used to ...