Biofuel Cells

150 145

151 146

152 147

153 148

154 149

155 150

156 151

157 152

158 153

159 154

160 155

161 156

162 157

163 158

164 159

165 160

166 161

167 162

168 163

169 164

170 165

171 166

172 167

173 168

174 169

175 170

176 171

177 172

178 173

179 174

180 175

181 176

182 177

183 178

184 179

185 180

186 181

187 182

188 183

189 184

190 185

191 186

192 187

193 188

194 189

195 190

196 191

197 192

198 193

199 194

200 195

201 196

202 197

203 198

204 199

205 200

206 201

207 202

208 203

209 204

210 205

211 206

212 207

213 208

214 209

215 210

216 211

217 212

218 213

219 214

220 215

221 216

222 217

223 219

224 220

225 221

226 222

227 223

228 224

229 225

230 226

231 227

232 228

233 229

234 230

235 231

236 232

237 233

238 234

239 235

240 236

241 237

242 238

243 239

244 240

245 241

246 242

247 243

248 244

249 245

250 246

251 247

252 248

253 249

254 250

255 251

256 252

257 253

258 254

259 255

260 256

261 257

262 258

263 259

264 260

265 261

266 262

267 263

268 264

269 265

270 266

271 267

272 268

273 269

274 270

275 271

276 272

277 273

278 274

279 275

280 276

281 277

282 278

283 279

284 280

285 281

286 282

287 283

288 284

289 285

290 286

291 287

292 288

293 289

294 290

295 291

296 292

297 293

298 294

299 295

300 296

301 297

302 298

303 299

304 300

305 301

306 302

307 303

308 304

309 305

310 306

311 307

312 308

313 309

314 310

315 311

316 312

317 313

318 314

319 315

320 316

321 317

322 318

323 319

324 320

325 321

326 322

327 323

328 324

329 325

330 326

331 327

332 328

333 329

334 330

335 331

336 332

337 333

338 334

339 335

340 336

341 337

342 338

343 339

344 340

345 341

346 342

347 343

348 345

349 346

350 347

351 348

352 349

353 350

354 351

355 352

356 353

357 354

358 355

359 356

360 357

361 358

362 359

363 360

364 361

365 362

366 363

367 364

368 365

369 366

370 367

371 368

372 369

373 370

374 371

375 372

376 373

377 374

378 375

379 377

380 378

381 379

382 380

383 381

384 382

385 383

386 384

387 385

388 386

389 387

390 388

391 389

392 390

393 391

394 392

395 393

396 394

397 395

398 396

399 397

400 398

401 399

402 400

403 401

404 402

405 403

406 404

407 405

408 406

409 407

410 408

411 409

412 410

413 411

414 412

415 413

416 414

417 415

418 416

419 417

420 418

421 419

422 420

423 421

424 422

425 423

426 424

427 425

428 426

429 427

430 428

431 429

432 430

433 431

434 432

435 433

436 434

437 435

438 436

439 437

440 438

441 439

442 440

443 441

444 442

445 443

446 444

447 445

448 446

449 447

450 449

451 450

452 451

453 452

454 453

455 454

456 455

457 456

458 457

459 458

460 459

461 460

462 461

463 462

464 463

465 465

466 466

467 467

468 468

469 469

470 470

471 471

472 472

473 473

474 474

475 475

476 476

477 477

478 478

479 479

480 480

481 481

482 482

483 483

484 484

485 485

486 486

487 487

488 488

489 489

490 491

491 492

492 493

Scrivener Publishing

100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J Beverly, MA 01915-6106

Publishers at Scrivener

Martin Scrivener ( martin@scrivenerpublishing.com)

Phillip Carmical ( pcarmical@scrivenerpublishing.com)

Edited by

Inamuddin,

Mohd Imran Ahamed,

Rajender Boddula,

and

Mashallah Rezakazemi

This edition first published 2021 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA © 2021 Scrivener Publishing LLC

For more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

Wiley Global Headquarters

111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA

For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty

While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchant-ability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials, or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 9781119724698

Cover image: Russell Richardson

Cover design by Russell Richardson