Kevin M. Hiscock - Hydrogeology

1 Cover

2 Series Page Fresh Water to Drink Laura Ingalls Wilder 1867–1957 In a little while the well was almost full of water. A circle of blue sky lay not far down in the ground, and when Laura looked at it, a little girl’s head looked up at her. When she waved her hand, a hand on the water’s surface waved, too. The water was clear and cold and good. Laura thought she had never tasted anything so good as those long, cold drinks of water. Pa hauled no more stale, warm water from the creek. He built a solid platform over the well, and a heavy cover for the hole that let the water‐bucket through. Laura must never touch that cover. But whenever she or Mary was thirsty, Ma lifted the cover and drew a dripping bucket of cold, fresh water from that well. Little House on the Prairie , 1935 © HarperCollins Publishers Inc., New York.

3 Title Page Hydrogeology Principles and Practice Third Edition Kevin M. Hiscock and Victor F. Bense

4 Copyright Page

5 List of colour plates

6 List of boxes

7 Preface to the third edition

8 Preface to the second edition

9 Preface to the first edition

10 Acknowledgements

11 Symbols and abbreviations

12 About the companion website

13 1 Introduction1.1 Scope of this book 1.2 What is hydrogeology? 1.3 Early examples of groundwater exploitation 1.4 History of hydrogeology 1.5 The water cycle 1.6 Global groundwater resources 1.7 Groundwater resources in developed countries 1.8 Groundwater resources in developing countries Further reading References

14 2 Physical hydrogeology2.1 Introduction 2.2 Porosity 2.3 Hydraulic conductivity 2.4 Isotropy and homogeneity 2.5 Aquifers, aquitards and aquicludes 2.6 Darcy’s Law 2.7 Groundwater potential and hydraulic head 2.8 Interpretation of hydraulic head and groundwater conditions 2.9 Transmissivity and storativity of confined aquifers 2.10 Transmissivity and specific yield of unconfined aquifers 2.11 Equations of groundwater flow 2.12 Analytical solution of one‐dimensional groundwater flow problems 2.13 Groundwater flow patterns 2.14 Classification of springs and intermittent streams 2.15 Transboundary aquifer systems 2.16 Submarine groundwater discharge 2.17 Groundwater resources of the world 2.18 Hydrogeological environments of the United Kingdom Further reading References

15 3 Groundwater and geological processes3.1 Introduction 3.2 Geological processes driving fluid flow 3.3 Topography‐driven flow in the context of geological processes 3.4 Compaction‐driven fluid flow 3.5 Variable‐density driven fluid flow 3.6 Regional groundwater flow systems driven predominantly by variable‐density flow 3.7 Regional groundwater flow systems driven predominantly by shifting topography and stress changes 3.8 Coupling and relative importance of processes driving fluid flow Further reading References

16 4 Chemical hydrogeology4.1 Introduction 4.2 Properties of water 4.3 Chemical composition of groundwater 4.4 Sequence of hydrochemical evolution of groundwater 4.5 Groundwater sampling and graphical presentation of hydrochemical data 4.6 Concept of chemical equilibrium 4.7 Carbonate chemistry of groundwater 4.8 Adsorption and ion exchange 4.9 Redox chemistry 4.10 Groundwater in crystalline rocks 4.11 Geochemical modelling Further reading References

17 5 Environmental isotope hydrogeology5.1 Introduction 5.2 Stable isotope chemistry and nomenclature 5.3 Stable isotopes of water 5.4 Stable isotopes of nitrogen and sulphur 5.5 Age dating of groundwater 5.6 Noble gases Further reading References

18 6 Groundwater and catchment processes6.1 Introduction 6.2 Water balance equation 6.3 Precipitation and evapotranspiration 6.4 Soil water and infiltration 6.5 Recharge estimation 6.6 Stream gauging techniques 6.7 Hydrograph analysis 6.8 Surface water – groundwater interaction Further reading References

19 7 Groundwater investigation techniques7.1 Introduction 7.2 Measurement and interpretation of groundwater level data 7.3 Field estimation of aquifer properties 7.4 Remote sensing methods 7.5 Groundwater modelling Further reading References

20 8 Groundwater quality and contaminant hydrogeology8.1 Introduction 8.2 Water quality standards 8.3 Transport of contaminants in groundwater 8.4 Sources of groundwater contamination Further reading References

21 9 Groundwater pollution remediation and protection9.1 Introduction 9.2 Groundwater pollution remediation techniques 9.3 Groundwater pollution protection strategies in developed countries 9.4 Groundwater protection strategies in developing countries Further reading References

22 10 Groundwater resources, governance and management10.1 Introduction 10.2 Groundwater resources schemes 10.3 Wetland hydrogeology 10.4 Climate change and groundwater resources 10.5 Groundwater and energy resources 10.6 Future challenges for groundwater governance and management Further reading References

23 Appendix 1: Conversion factors

24 Appendix 2: Properties of water in the range 0–100°C

25 Appendix 3: The geological timescale

26 Appendix 4: Symbols, atomic numbers and atomic weights

27 Appendix 5: Composition of seawater and rainwaterA5.1 Seawater composition A5.2 Rainwater composition References

28 Appendix 6: Values of W(u) for various values of u

29 Appendix 7: Values of q/Q and v/Qt corresponding to selected values of t/F for use in computing the rate and volume of stream depletion by wells and boreholes

30 Appendix 8: Complementary error function

31 Appendix 9: Drinking water quality standards and Lists I and II substances

32 Appendix 10: Review questions and exercisesQuestions A10.1 Hydrological cycle A10.2 Physical hydrogeology, groundwater potential and Darcy's law A10.3 Chemical hydrogeology A10.4 Environmental isotope hydrogeology A10.5 Stream gauging, infiltration measurements and groundwater recharge estimation A10.6 Groundwater resources, pumping tests and stream depletion analysis A10.7 Contaminant hydrogeology Worked answers to exercises A10.1 Hydrological cycle A10.2 Physical hydrogeology, groundwater potential and Darcy's law A10.3 Chemical hydrogeology A10.4 Environmental isotope hydrogeology A10.5 Stream gauging, infiltration measurements and groundwater recharge estimation A10.6 Groundwater resources, pumping tests and stream depletion analysis A10.7 Contaminant hydrogeology References

33 Index

34 Supplemental Images

35 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 1 Table 1.1 Inventory of water at or near the Earth's surface (Berner and Bern... Table 1.2 Material transport and subsurface dissolved salts discharge from g... Table 1.3 Countries with estimated groundwater abstraction greater than 10 k... Table 1.4 Groundwater depletion (GWD) for irrigation embedded in national foo... Table 1.5 Estimated abstractions from all surface water and groundwater in En... Table 1.6 Estimated abstraction in European countries (Margat and van der Gu... Table 1.7 Key groundwater issues in the North China Plain listed according t...

2 Chapter 2 Table 2.1 Range of values of hydraulic conductivity and porosity for differen... Table 2.2 Range of values of compressibility (Freeze and Cherry 1979). Table 2.3 Discharges of 10 of the world’s largest karst springs (Ford and Wil...Table 2.4 Hydrochemical and environmental isotope evolution of groundwaters o...Table 2.5 Winter nutrient loading (nitrite and nitrate as total oxidized nitr...Table 2.6 Long‐term average continental renewable groundwater resources (tota...Table 2.7 Groundwater resources of the principal Mesozoic aquifers in England...

3 Chapter 3Table 3.1 Example porosity‐depth data for three wells. Porosity values for We...

4 Chapter 4Table 4.1 The relative abundance of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in the water...Table 4.2 Chemical composition of groundwater divided into major and minor io...Table 4.3 Simple classification of groundwater based on TDS content (Freeze a...Table 4.4 Major ion chemistry of British spa waters. Location numbers are sho...Table 4.5 Major ion analyses of waters used for brewing (concentrations in mg...Table 4.6 Major ion analyses of four groundwater samples from the Milligan Ca...Table 4.7 Chemical models for the formation of Chalk groundwaters beneath gla...Table 4.8 Thermodynamic equilibrium constants for calcite, dolomite and major...Table 4.9 Surface area and cation exchange capacity (CEC) values for clays an...Table 4.10 Hydrochemical water types for the Lower Mersey Basin Permo‐Triassi...Table 4.11 Example hydrochemical analyses of Types 4 and 5 groundwaters from ...Table 4.12 Selected hydrochemical data for the Lincolnshire Limestone aquifer...Table 4.13 Examples of oxidation states for various compounds that occur in g...Table 4.14 Table of reduction reactions of importance in groundwater (Champ