Sylvain Pioch - Eco-design of Marine Infrastructures

1 Cover

2 Title Page Series EditorFrançoise Gaill

3 Copyright First published 2021 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Ltd 27-37 St George’s Road London SW19 4EU UK www.iste.co.uk John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA www.wiley.com © ISTE Ltd 2021 The rights of Sylvain Pioch and Jean-Claude Souche to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Library of Congress Control Number: 2021940543 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-78630-711-8

4 Foreword

5 Preface

6 Acknowledgments

7 1 Principles and Genesis of Maritime Eco-design 1.1. Principles of maritime eco-design 1.2. Definition of eco-design of marine infrastructures 1.3. Japanese inspiration 1.4. Assessing the effects of a project on the environment: the impact study 1.5. The “no net loss of biodiversity” objective: a regulatory obligation for developers, an opportunity for eco-design 1.6. Specificities of the environmental assessment related to the marine environment: the “natural” public maritime domain concept

8 2 Maritime Civil Engineering 2.1. General information 2.2. Typology of coastlines 5 2.3. Coastal defense works 2.4. Port structures 2.5. Design approach

9 3 Eco-design of Marine Infrastructures 3.1. The evolution of research work towards the eco-design of marine structures 3.2. The modernized approach to project management 3.3. The methodological approach to eco-design: responding to the expressed need 3.4. Infrastructure as a new support for marine life 3.5. Eco-design at the material level: the example of concrete 26

10 4 Evidence Through Experience: Examples of Eco-designed Marine Projects 4.1. Mayotte submarine pipeline: an initial eco-designed marine structure 4.2. Bio-inspiration and nature-based solutions for artificial reef design 4.3. The scope of port eco-design 4.4. Eco-design for coastal protection 4.5. Biomimetic artificial reefs in Corsica (Ajaccio) 4.6. Artificial island eco-design 4.7. Eco-design of mooring systems 4.8. Eco-design of offshore viaduct piles 4.9. Offshore wind farm project eco-design: multi-use perspectives

11 Conclusion

12 References

13 Index

14 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 1 Figure 1.1. Public presentation panel on port biodiversity in the port of Kernév... Figure 1.2. Eco-design project methodology (top blue arrow) compared to a standa... Figure 1.3. Diagram of the definition of nature-based solutions, proposed by the... Figure 1.4. Kushimoto Marine Park, protected for the value of underwater landsca... Figure 1.5. The concept of Sato-umi, where humans interact with the aquatic envi... Figure 1.6. General approach to conducting an environmental impact assessment (F... Figure 1.7. The extent of the natural public maritime domain in France (Article ... Figure 1.8. Maritime boundaries and spaces of coastal state jurisdiction (MEB 20...

2 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1. Coastal stages, domains, zones and maritime provinces. For a color v... Figure 2.2. World surface covered by the continental shelf represented in bluish... Figure 2.3. Sea-level evolution over the past 40,000 years (source: Pinot (1998)... Figure 2.4. The pink sandstone coast in Erquy, Côtes-d’Armor. Coastal landscape ... Figure 2.5. Cliffs at Étretat in France (photo: J.-C. Souche) Figure 2.6. Profile of a beach exposed to prevailing westerly swells at Étel in ... Figure 2.7. Beach and dune of Espiguette in the Gard (photo: J. Bougis) Figure 2.8. Coastal mudflat in the cove of Sauzon (photo: J. Bougis) Figure 2.9. Seabeds colonized by coral reefs (red), seagrass beds (green) and ma...Figure 2.10. Coral bleaching in 2016, Reunion Island (photo: MAREX/J.-B. Nicet) Figure 2.11. Rockfill groins, Espiguette beach, Gard, Mediterranean Sea (photo: ...Figure 2.12. Rock breakwater, port of Bastia (photo: J.-C. Souche) Figure 2.13. Ospedaletti-type ECOPODE™ and ACCROPODE™II blocks (photo: E. Cunge) Figure 2.14. Geotube® breakwater (source: commercial documentation – TenCate Geo...Figure 2.15. Narbonne-Plage, low wall at the top of the beach to contain the san...Figure 2.16. La Flotte-en-Ré, Louis-Philippe-era masonry riprap (built in the mi...Figure 2.17. La Ciotat, wave protection wall of the shipyards at the top of the ...Figure 2.18. View of the port of Marseille, old port and western basins (photo: ...Figure 2.19. Criteria used to establish a port Figure 2.20. a) Example of a marina, Grande-Motte harbor; b) Example of a commer...Figure 2.21. Example of a typical cross-section of a coastline to be developed9 ...Figure 2.22. Example of the operation of a dry dock (source: B. Sigros and J.-C....Figure 2.23. Bassin du Roy, boats at anchor, port of Le Havre (photo: J.-C. Souc...Figure 2.24. Example of the operation of a deepwater port (source: B. Sigros, J....Figure 2.25. Example of the marina of La Rochelle (photo: J.-C. Souche) Figure 2.26. Example of the operation of a wet dock (source: B. Sigros and J.-C....Figure 2.27. Example of the Sables-d’Olonne wet dock (photo: J.-C. Souche) Figure 2.28. Example of the Saint-Malo wet dock (photo: J.-C. Souche) Figure 2.29. Design phase execution process of a development Figure 2.30. Diagram of the semi-diurnal tidal cycle Figure 2.31. Photograph of the swell (photo: course materials from the École des...Figure 2.32. Characteristic parameters of the swell Figure 2.33. Three types of breakers according to the slope of the seabed (sourc...Figure 2.34. Reflection of the swell on a vertical wall and the formation of the...Figure 2.35. Wave diffraction in the vicinity of a harbor breakwater (source: ma...Figure 2.36. Stages of project implementation and phasing of associated geotechn...Figure 2.37. Identification of high corrosion zones based on water levels (sourc...Figure 2.38. Typical identification of a concrete for the ready-mix concrete pla...Figure 2.39. Synoptic of the approach of performance formulation of concretes (N...Figure 2.40. Synoptic outline of the tasks and missions of the marine civil engi...

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1. Photomontage of an eco-designed offshore wind turbine foundation (La...Figure 3.2. Presence of mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis ) and barnacles ( Chtha...Figure 3.3. Biophysical functioning: example of a port project in an estuarine a...Figure 3.4. Simplified example of an objective of bio-inspiration from natural h...Figure 3.5. Estuarine ecological functioning: the eco-designed harbor is integra...Figure 3.6. From the concept to the marine eco-design approach (S. Pioch) Figure 3.7. Proposal for the five principles for the implementation of an eco-de...Figure 3.8. Stakeholders involved in an eco-design approach and the relationship...Figure 3.9. The eco-design approach, a systemic, AGILE approach. For a color ver...Figure 3.10. Project owner programming stage, supplementary to the eco-design. F...Figure 3.11. Usual project management assignments for a marine engineering offic...Figure 3.12. The eco-design approach for engineering, a systemic and ambitious a...Figure 3.13. Adaptation of project management assignments for the consideration ...Figure 3.14. Port of Sète, dock H, presence of mussels on a metal ladder (photo:...Figure 3.15. Compositional, structural and functional approach to a biocenosis (...Figure 3.16. Organization and connectivity of critical habitats for marine organ...Figure 3.17. Movement between critical fish habitats: a) continuous ecosystem; b...Figure 3.18. Illustration of the effect of substrate and habitat on colonization...Figure 3.19. Three harbor areas (in particular, the hydrodynamics), creating thr...Figure 3.20. Port and periportal species and their developmental stages in the M...Figure 3.21. Intra-port species in a Mediterranean port from top left to bottom ...Figure 3.22. Types of target species based on their relationship with artificial...Figure 3.23.