Sustainable Solutions for Environmental Pollution

6 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Schematic diagram of water balance components within a landfill site.Figure 7.2 Electrocoagulation treatment process: (a) conceptual framework and (b...Figure 7.3 Basic reaction in the electrocoagulation process.Figure 7.4 Electrodes arrangement in the electrocoagulation process: (a) connect...Figure 7.5 Satellite image of PBLS and sampling location.Figure 7.6 Schematic diagram of the EC experimental set-up. Adopted from Hamid e...Figure 7.7 The effects of varying (a) current density, (b) contact time, and (c)...

7 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Scheme of leachate generation in a landfill (Eggen et al ., 2010).Figure 8.2 An example of birds and scavengers spreading over the landfill.Figure 8.3 Smoke from landfill due to fire.Figure 8.4 This landfill is located in Penang city in northwest Malaysia.Figure 8.5 Deir Al Balah landfill location from Gaza in Palestine.Figure 8.6 Schematic diagram for stabilized leachate treatment plant by ozone/ p...Figure 8.7 Various techniques to convert landfill into sustainable biorefinery. ...Figure 8.8 Cross-sectional diagram for the design of landfill site and the base ...Figure 8.9 The 3.2 MW gas engine for the generation of electricity.Figure 8.10 Pilot solar power project on top of the closed landfill cells.Figure 8.11 The model developed in ArcGIS to select the sustainable location of ...Figure 8.12 Land suitability evaluation. A case study in Karabuk, Turkey.

8 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Location of the study area (ARIJ, 2018).Figure 10.2 Average values for septage analyzed at rural Nablus; (a) pH and EC, ...Figure 10.3 COD/BOD5 ratio for septage analyzed at rural Nablus.Figure 10.4 Average values for septage analyzed at rural Nablus; (a) TS, TDS, an...Figure 10.5 Average values for septage analyzed at rural Nablus; (a) Alkalinity,...Figure 10.6 Designed wastewater treatment plant unit scheme for septage pretreat...Figure 10.7 Septage treatment plant model scheme designed by GPS-X 7.0 simulator...

9 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Hierarchy of oleochemicals production processes.Figure 11.2 Triglyceride structure: (a) glycerol structure (b) triglyceride glyc...Figure 11.3 Lipase catalyzed production of biodiesel using low-quality feedstock...Figure 11.4 Schematic diagram of a simple esterification reactor with water remo...

1 Chapter 1 Table 1.1 Summary of electro-fermentation and electro-selective fermentation for...

2 Chapter 2 Table 2.1 Standard properties of bio- and petro-diesel. Table 2.2 Empirical formula and structure of popular FAs present in vegetable oi... Table 2.3 A comparable summary for homogeneous alkaline- and lipase-catalyzed tr...

3 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Composition of various oils and fats used for biodiesel production (pe...Table 4.2 Properties of vegetable oil biodiesel and diesel fuel (Bajpai and Tyag...Table 4.3 Kinematic viscosity in diesel fuel standards.Table 4.4 Composition of biogas from different sources (Spiegel and Preston, 200...Table 4.5 Composition of tall oil extractives from Kraft Black Liquor (Holmlund ...Table 4.6 Classification of light bio-oil.Table 4.7 A comparison of the oil content found in green algae.Table 4.8 Biofuel yields for different feedstocks and countries (Rajagoopal et a...Table 4.9 Selected properties of certain common bioenergy feedstocks and biofuel...Table 4.10 Final blend fuel requirements (at point of delivery).Table 4.11 Climate-related requirements and test methods.Table 4.12 ASTM D 4806 Standard Specification for denatured fuel ethanol for ble...

4 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Summary of the reactions, causes and consequences on the cooking oil s...Table 5.2 Recently developed methodologies for biodiesel production from WCO.Table 5.3 Recent reports for catalytic hydro-treatment of WCO into saturated hyd...

5 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Different treatment routes for adsorbents preparation from waste mater...

6 Chapter 7Table 7.1 The constituents of landfill leachate in different waste biodegradatio...Table 7.2 Characteristics of landfill leachate in different phases. Adopted from...Table 7.3 Chemical reactions involved in metal electrodes in the electrocoagulat...Table 7.4 Advantages and disadvantages of electrocoagulation process.

7 Chapter 8Table 8.1 General composition of landfill leachate (Values in mg/l unless otherw...Table 8.2 Landfill leachate classification (Alvarez-Vazquez et al ., 2004).Table 8.3 Details of the possible volatile organic compounds from a landfill sit...Table 8.4 General summary of volatile organic compounds from landfill during sum...Table 8.5 Oxidation potential for some common oxidants (Huling et al ., 2006).Table 8.6 Summary of advanced oxidation applications for the treatment of stabil...Table 8.7 Biodegradability improvement after different AOPs.Table 8.8 Data for treat 100 m 3of stabilized leachate using ozone/persulfate pr...

8 Chapter 9Table 9.1 A comparative summary of the most studied pre-treatment techniques.Table 9.2 Physico-chemical properties of the most studied imidazolium-based ILs ...

9 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Population and no. of houses in 2018 for the villages of the study ar...Table 10.2 Septage sources, removal pump-out rate, and the characteristics (EPA ...Table 10.3 Parameters considered for characterizing the collected samples.Table 10.4 Physical, chemical and bacterial septage characteristics for rural Na...Table 10.5 Heavy metals septage characteristics for rural Nablus (2018).Table 10.6 Comparison of domestic septage between rural Nablus (this study) and ...Table 10.7 Stools characteristics for rural Nablus (2018).Table 10.8 Urine characteristics for rural Nablus (2018).Table 10.9 Design values of parameters for septage treatment plant model (Rural ...Table 10.10 Classification of treated wastewater for agricultural purposes in Pa...Table 10.11 Effluent characteristics of septage TP using GPS-X 7.0 vs. Pal. Trea...

10 Chapter 11Table 11.1 Historical progress of enzymes utilization for oleochemicals producti...Table 11.2 Lipase-producing microorganisms.Table 11.3 Lipase catalyzed glycerolysis reactions.Table 11.4 Enzymatic production of monoglycerides from fatty acid and glycerin.Table 11.5 Net savings due to implementing enzymatic process (per 1000 kg proces...Table 11.6 A comparison between chemical methods and enzymatic method from diffe...

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