Analytical Methods for Environmental Contaminants of Emerging Concern

Edited byNúria Fontanals and Rosa Maria MarcéUniversitat Rovira i Virgili, Spain

This edition first published 2022 © 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

The right of Núria Fontanals and Rosa Maria Marcé to be identified as the editors of this editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

Registered Offices John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

Editorial Office The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of experimental reagents, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each chemical, piece of equipment, reagent, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

Hardback ISBN: 9781119763864; ePub ISBN: 9781119763888; ePDF ISBN: 9781119763871; Obook ISBN: 9781119763895

Cover Images: © Damsea/Shutterstock; Cover image courtesy of Núria Fontanals

Cover Design: Wiley

Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd, Pondicherry, India

1 Cover

2 Title page Analytical Methods for Environmental Contaminants of Emerging Concern Edited byNúria Fontanals and Rosa Maria MarcéUniversitat Rovira i Virgili, Spain

3 Copyright

4 Contributors

5 Preface

6 1 Pesticides 1.1 Overview of Pesticides 1.1.1 Properties 1.1.2 Legislation 1.1.3 Reported or Potential Metabolites and/or Transformation Products 1.1.4 Occurrence in the Environment 1.2 Sample Preparation and Collection 1.2.1 Protocols for Collecting and Preparing Samples 1.2.2 Sample Extraction and Clean-up 1.3 Determination of Pesticides 1.3.1 Development of the Instrumental Method1.3.1.1 Chromatography 1.3.1.2 Detection 1.3.2 Figures of Merit 1.3.3 Hints and Tips 1.4 Future Directions and Challenges Acknowledgments Bibliography

7 2 Pharmaceuticals 2.1 Overview of Pharmaceuticals2.1.1 Properties 2.1.2 Reported or Potential Metabolites and/or Transformation Products 2.1.3 Occurrence 2.1.4 Legislation 2.2 Sampling and Sample Preparation 2.2.1 Solid Samples 2.2.2 Water Samples 2.3 Analytical Techniques for the Determination of Pharmaceuticals2.3.1 Gas Chromatography and Gas Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry 2.3.2 Liquid Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry 2.4 Conclusion and Future Trends References

8 3 Personal Care Products 3.1 Overview of Personal Care Products 3.1.1 Properties 3.1.2 Legislation 3.1.3 Transformation Products 3.1.4 Occurrence in the Environment 3.2 Sample Preparation for PCPs in the Aquatic Environment 3.2.1 Sorbent-based Methodologies3.2.1.1 Solid-phase Extraction 3.2.1.2 Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction 3.2.1.3 Stir-bar Sorptive Extraction 3.2.1.4 Solid-phase Microextraction 3.2.2 Liquid-based Extraction Techniques 3.2.2.1 Microextraction Liquid Phase Approaches: DLLME, SDME, USAEME 3.3 Determination of Personal Care Products 3.4 Future Directions and Challenges Acknowledgements References

9 4 New Psychoactive Substances 4.1 Overview of New Psychoactive Substances 4.1.1 Properties 4.1.2 NPS Market, Dynamics and International Control 4.1.3 Potential Metabolites and/or Transformation Products 4.1.4 Occurrence in the Environment 4.2 Sample Preparation and Collection 4.2.1 Urban Wastewater4.2.1.1 Protocols for Collecting and Preparing Samples 4.2.1.2 Extraction Procedures and Clean-up 4.2.2 Other Environmental Matrices 4.3 Determination of New Psychoactive Substances 4.3.1 Development of the Instrumental Method4.3.1.1 Chromatographic Separation 4.3.1.2 Detection 4.3.2 Figures of Merit 4.3.3 Hits and Tips 4.4 Future Direction and Challenges Acknowledgments References

10 5 Artificial Sweeteners 5.1 Overview of Artificial Sweeteners 5.1.1 Properties 5.1.2 Legislation and Environmental Risk Assessment 5.1.3 Reported or Potential Metabolites and/or Transformation Products 5.1.4 Occurrence in the Environment 5.2 Sample Preparation and Collection5.2.1 Protocols for Collecting and Preparing Samples 5.2.2 Sample Extraction and Clean-up 5.3 Determination of Artificial Sweeteners5.3.1 Development of the Instrumental Method 5.3.1.1 Chromatography 5.3.1.2 Detection 5.3.2 Figures of Merit 5.3.3 Hints and Tips 5.4 Future Directions and Challenges References

11 6 Perfluorinated Substances 6.1 Overview of Perfluoroalkyl Substances 6.1.1 Properties 6.1.2 Legislation 6.1.3 Reported or Potential Metabolites and/or Transformation Products 6.1.4 Occurrence in the Environment 6.2 Sample Preparation and Collection6.2.1 Protocols for Collecting and Preparing Samples 6.2.2 Sample Extraction and Clean-up 6.3 Determination of PFASs6.3.1 Development of the Instrumental Method 6.3.1.1 Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry 6.3.1.2 Biosensors 6.3.2 Figures of Merit 6.3.3 Hints and Tips 6.4 Future Directions and Challenges References

12 7 High Production Volume Chemicals 7.1 Overview of High Production Volume Chemicals 7.1.1 Properties 7.1.2 Legislation 7.1.3 Reported or Potential Metabolites and/or Transformation Products 7.1.4 Occurrence 7.2 Sample Preparation and Collection7.2.1 Protocols for Collecting and Preparing Samples 7.2.1.1 Water 7.2.1.2 Air and Dust 7.2.1.3 Soil, Sediments, and Sludge 7.2.1.4 Biota 7.2.2 Sample Extraction and Clean-Up7.2.2.1 Water 7.2.2.2 Air and Dust 7.2.2.3 Soil, Sediments, and Sludge 7.2.2.4 Biota 7.3 Determination of High Production Volume Chemicals7.3.1 Development of the Instrumental Method 7.3.2 Figures of Merit 7.3.3 Hints and Tips 7.4 Future Directions and Challenges Acknowledgments References