Victor G. Karpov - Physics of Thin-Film Photovoltaics

V ocs in real space. (b) Their probabilis...Fig. 66 Electric potential variations in a 2D system of random diodes numericall...Fig. 67 Integrated PV module (typical of CdTe based PV where individual linear c...Fig. 68 PSPICE simulation results demonstrating how different V ocdistributions,...Fig. 69 Effect of shunts and “holes” depending on their relative fraction in the...Fig. 70 PSPICE software circuit equivalent to that in Fig. 72. Figures represent...Fig. 71 Relative mismatch loss in efficiency is about 8 % for a moderate disorde...Fig. 72 Conceptual circuitry representations sketching the propagation of nonuni...Fig. 73 The principle design of electron beam induced current (EBIC) mapping (le...Fig. 74 Laser beam induced current (LBIC) data displayed as a map and as a histo...Fig. 75 (a) EL image taken at 640 mV forward bias with enhanced contrast to high...Fig. 76 Photoluminescence mapping of a solar cell before (left) and after (right...Fig. 77 Photoluminescence line scans of two thin film CdTe based solar cells und...Fig. 78 a,c) Experimental and simulated electroluminescence images of 6 × 4 mm 2...Fig. 79 The scanning tunneling microscopy map of a thin film CdTe based solar sh...Fig. 80 Voltage mapping design with thin Cr electrode on the back wall of CdTe b...Fig. 81 Lock-in thermography maps of the same thin film CdTe based cell before (...Fig. 82 ‘Small’ and ‘large’ area (A) CdTe based cells (left) grown under identic...Fig. 83 The distributions of fill factors (FF) of a database of about 100 CdTe b...Fig. 84 The statistical distributions of CIGS module efficiencies, and open circ...Fig. 85 The statistical distribution of the open-circuit voltages of ~ 1 cm size...Fig. 86 The electroluminescence maps of two PV modules showing the cell connecti...Fig. 87 The measured variations between voltages of individual cells constitutin...Fig. 88 A sketch of the self-healing mechanism of the weak diodes and shunts tre...Fig. 89 High resistive electrode mapping of a 10x10 cm 2cell before and after th...Fig. 90 The current voltage characteristics of the untreated (no IFL) CdTe based...Fig. 91 Cell performance parameters [37] as a function of CdTe thickness for cel...

4 Part IVFig. 92 (a) SEM cross section image of a CdTe/CdS/TCO based junction. Courtesy R...Fig. 93 (a) A sketch of the microscopic structure of amorphous hydrogenated sili...Fig. 94 (a) Energy levels of localized states in the mobility gap filled with pa...Fig. 95 (a) Local fluctuation in the concentration of localized charges (circled...Fig. 96 Side and top views of structural elements and electric charge distributi...Fig. 97 Sketch of the random potential fluctuations in arbitrary lateral directi...Fig. 98 Band diagrams of some structures with “electrode” screening: (a) p-i-n d...Fig. 99 (a) A potential barrier for holes formed by the charged grain boundary s...Fig. 100 The transport pathway for electrons is dominated by the maximum barrier...Fig. 101 Percolation cluster for large samples with dimensions L significantly e...Fig. 102 Left: Different conductive pathways for transversal electronic transpor...Fig. 103 (a) Staircase of energy levels forming a recombination channel is a sys...Fig. 104 The probabilistic distribution of recombination channels times. A shado...Fig. 105 The tilted staircase recombination/hopping channel across a noncrystall...Fig. 106 p-n junction under reverse bias. Optimal chain hopping occurs through a...Fig. 107 Statistics of nonideality factors for poor and better performing cells.Fig. 108 A sketch of CdS structure unit.Fig. 109 A sketch of ionic displacements leading to piezo effect in CdS structur...Fig. 110 Surface charges and built-in electric field in response to the hydrosta...Fig. 111 (a) A sketch of the electric potential ϕ distribution along a CdS junct...Fig. 112 Squeezing experiments with pressure perpendicular to the face of thin-f...Fig. 113 Left: Bending experiments with glass superstrates for applying stress p...Fig. 114 The typical reversible pressure-induced evolution of the current-voltag...Fig. 115 Open-circuit voltage ( V oc) and short circuit current ( J sc) of the CdTe/...Fig. 116 Kelvin probe mapped microscopic local potential variations parallel to ...Fig. 117 Kelvin probe mapped microscopic local potential variations parallel to ...

5 Part VFig. 118 The two-diode model.Fig. 119 A simplified thin film geometry of two neighboring areas in a thin film...Fig. 120 Left: A one-dimensional finite element representation of the distribute...Fig. 121 Numerical modeling of a runaway instability in a system of two diodes u...Fig. 122 Schematic of the cell used in our experiments; not to scale. Dark strip...Fig. 123 The typical current voltage and power voltage characteristics of the st...Fig. 124 IR mapping of a PV module showing the hot spot development and its temp...Fig. 125 The evolution of temperature distribution in a 10x10 cm 2region close t...Fig. 126 Temporal variations of voltage on the power source ( V PS), voltage in th...Fig. 127 Left, physical grid and TCO structure divided into nodes. Grey lines re...Fig. 128 Left, node containing grid and TCO. Upper right, geometry for determini...Fig. 129 The equivalent circuit of a node showing TCO/grid structure on top, and...Fig. 130 Simulated temperature distributions at different time instances. Note t...Fig. 131 Simulated and experimental temporal dependencies of temperature at the ...Fig. 132 Simulated and experimental temporal dependencies of voltages at the hot...Fig. 133 Initial voltage distribution along the length of the cell, on and off t...Fig. 134 Initial heat generation within the cell. Represented with permission fr...Fig. 135 Simulated temporal temperature dependencies as a function of substrate ...Fig. 136 Sketches of temperature and electric potential distributions across the...

6 Part VIFig. 137 Left: A representative relative degradation of efficiency of a CdTe bas...Fig. 138 Examples of PV parameter degradation for CdTe based cells [5].Fig. 139 Degradation of the maximum power point voltage (Vmpp) and power at the ...Fig. 140 Left and right: untypical degradation behavior of two CdTe based solar ...Fig. 141 Correlation between the degradation of efficiency (percent) between two...Fig. 142 Left: Correlation between the relative degradation of efficiency during...Fig. 143 The histogram of the relative efficiency degradation of about 1000 CdTe...Fig. 144 Degradation of CdTe based solar cells under different bias conditions: ...Fig. 145 The CdTe based dot cell configurations corresponding to the three stage...Fig. 146 Left: Relative open circuit voltage in the light and dark halves of the...Fig. 147 Histogram of reported degradation rates for Si crystalline PV (left), a...Fig. 148 Chart of affected modules scaled by the severity for thin-film modules....Fig. 149 Left: Log-normal distribution of the shunt resistance in an unstressed ...Fig. 150 Sketches of some thin film PV specific instabilities. (a) Dielectric br...Fig. 151 (a) Themporal variations of the AFM current in the conductive mode with...Fig. 152 EBIC amplitude temporal decay for CdTe based thin film PV cells of thre...Fig. 153 Comparison of the degradation data with fitting dependence of Eq. (175)...Fig. 154 The integral photoluminescence (PL) intensity shows temporal decay that...Fig. 155 The rescaled temporal decay curves for temporal decay due to continuous...Fig. 156 A sketch of statistical distributions in PV efficiency (Eff) varying in...

7 AppendixFig 1. The simplest diode model (a) of a built-in uniform field and imaginary cr...

1 Cover

2 Table of Contents

3 Title Page

4 Copyright

5 Dedication

6 Preface

7 Begin Reading

8 Index

9 Also of Interest

10 End User License Agreement

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