Peter R. Shewry - Wheat

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Wheat is produced on a greater area, grown over a wider geographic range, and traded internationally as a commodity more than any other arable crop. Wheat alone provides 20% of the calories and protein in the global human diet. Understanding the interactions between wheat production, the environment, and human nutrition is essential for meeting the demands of food security as we approach the middle of the 21st century. Wheat: Environment, Food and Health Introduce the historical development and utilization of the wheat crop. Describe the factors affecting the quality and acceptability of wheat for different uses. Discuss the soil characteristics that are required for, and changed by, wheat production. Examine the water, temperature, and light requirements of wheat systems. Explore the methods and sustainability of plant breeding and farmer approaches to improving crop yields. Describe the development, structure, and composition of wheat grain. Discuss the contribution and impacts, both positive and negative, of wheat consumption on human health. • Discuss how modern technologies and new approaches are addressing the challenges of maintaining wheat production.
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1.6 Further Chapters

In this chapter, we have discussed the importance of wheat and briefly explained some of the reasons for that importance in terms of the diversity of wheat adaptation and of wheat use. In the next four chapters we will explore the environmental requirements and sustainability of wheat production. The chapter headings reflect what has always been known by wheat farmers: that for high yields you need a good soil, ample water, mild temperatures, and sunshine. Chapter 6(Canopy management) evaluates farming practices associated with increasing land‐use efficiency. In subsequent chapters we return to the wheat grain and its use, with respect to grain development and composition ( Chapter 7); grain processing and flour functionality ( Chapter 8); and the role of wheat in diet and health ( Chapter 9). We conclude with a chapter on modern breeding methods and targets for further sustaining wheat production and its use for food security.

References

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11 Bates, B., Lennox, A., Prentice, A. et al. (Eds.) (2014b). National Diet and Nutrition Survey: Results from Years 1‐4 (combined) of the Rolling Programme (2008/2009–2011/2012). Public Health England. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/216484/dh_128550.pdf

12 Bellemare, M.F. (2015). Rising food prices, food price volatility, and social unrest. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 97 (1): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aau038.

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24 Clarke, M.P., Gooding, M.J., and Jones, S.A. (2004). The effects of irrigation, nitrogen fertilizer and grain size on Hagberg falling number, specific weight and blackpoint of winter wheat. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 84 (3): 227–236. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.1657.

25 Cookson, M. (2019). The rise and fall of the millstone. Cereal Foods World 64 (4) https://doi.org/10.1094/CFW‐64‐4‐0038.

26 Dardonville, M., Urruty, N., Bockstaller, C. et al. (2020). Influence of diversity and intensification level on vulnerability, resilience and robustness of agricultural systems. Agricultural Systems 184: 102913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102913.

27 Dewey, D.D. (1984). The genomic system of classification as a guide to intergenome hybridisation with the perennial Triticeae. In: Gene Manipulation in Plant Improvement. 16th Stadler Genetics Symposium (ed. J.P. Gustafson), 209–279. Plenum Press.

28 Dibb, D.W. (2000). The mysteries (myths) of nutrient use efficiency. Better Crops with Plant Food 84 (3): 3–5. http://www.ipni.net/publication/bettercrops.nsf/0/02DEA6DA6511C494852579800081FC4B/$FILE/Better%20Crops%202000‐3%20p03.pdf.

29 Donald, C.M. (1962). In search of yield. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 28: 171–178.

30 Draper, S.R. and Stewart, B.A. (1980). Procedures for the comparative assessment of quality in crop varieties. III. Methods used in assessing grain protein content, Hagberg falling number, ease of milling and the baking quality of wheat varieties. Journal of the National Institute of Agricultural Botany 15: 194–197.

31 Dubcovsky, J. and Dvorak, J. (2007). Genome plasticity a key factor in the success of polyploidy wheat under domestication. Science 316: 1862–1866. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1143986.

32 Dvořák, J., Luo, M.C., Yang, Z.L. et al. (1998). The structure of the Aegilops tauschii genepool and the evolution of hexaploid wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 97 (4): 657–670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001220050942.

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