Pathy's Principles and Practice of Geriatric Medicine

pathophysiology, and impact Clinical approach Special categories of constipation Conclusion References CHAPTER 21: Diseases of the pancreas The ageing pancreas Inflammatory diseases of the pancreas Pancreatic cysts and tumours References SECTION 3: Haematological Disorders CHAPTER 22: Anaemia in older people Background Epidemiology Nutritional deficiencies Inflammatory anaemias Anaemia of clonal disorders Conclusion References CHAPTER 23: Disseminated intravascular coagulation Introduction Pathophysiology Diagnosis Management Chronic disseminated intravascular coagulation References CHAPTER 24: Disorders of haemostasis Introduction Disorders of platelet number Functional platelet defects Hereditary coagulation defects Acquired coagulation defects Vascular disorders Thrombotic disorders Lupus anticoagulant References CHAPTER 25: When to anticoagulate, and which anticoagulant? Introduction The elderly are more prone to thromboembolism The elderly are more prone to haemorrhage Anticoagulant response differs in the elderly Anticoagulants are effective in the elderly Optimizing the risk‐benefit equation in the elderly Start‐stop‐start anticoagulation References CHAPTER 26: Myelodysplasia Introduction Epidemiology and clinical presentation Elderly patients and risk assessment Diagnosis Prognosis Treatment References CHAPTER 27: Management of myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukaemias in the elderly Introduction Myelodysplastic syndromes Prognostic factors Acute myeloid leukaemias (AMLs) Conclusion Bibliography SECTION 4: Cardiovascular Diseases and Health CHAPTER 28: Epidemiology of heart disease Introduction Coronary heart disease Heart failure Valvular heart disease Rhythm disorders Conclusion References CHAPTER 29: Arrhythmias The normal cardiac conduction system The ageing heart Incidental findings that may be normal in older people Pathological findings in older people Symptomatic bradycardias Atrial tachyarrhythmias Atrial fibrillation Other supraventricular arrhythmias References CHAPTER 30: Ischaemic heart disease Introduction Cardiac changes with ageing Pathogenesis Epidemiology Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Prognosis Considerations in old age Future perspectives Conclusion References CHAPTER 31: Lipid management Introduction Lipoprotein metabolism and ageing Dyslipidaemia and prevention of ASCVD in the elderly Secondary ASCVD prevention Primary ASCVD prevention Clinical approach to dyslipidaemic older subjects Conclusions References CHAPTER 32: Hypotension Introduction Orthostatic hypotension Postprandial hypotension Hypotension with carotid sinus syndrome (carotid sinus hypersensitivity) Conclusion References CHAPTER 33: Hypertension in older people Introduction Age‐related vascular changes Pathophysiology Epidemiology Definition and classification Diagnosis Types Management Future perspectives Conclusion References CHAPTER 34: Heart failure Introduction Pathophysiology Epidemiology Clinical features Diagnosis Aetiology and precipitating factors Impact of comorbidities on HF Management of HF Palliative care in HF Future perspectives Summary References CHAPTER 35: Cardiac surgery and percutaneous interventions in the elderly Introduction Cardiac surgery and percutaneous intervention in the elderly Assessment of the elderly patient for cardiac surgery or percutaneous intervention Management of coronary artery disease Valve surgery – conventional or minimal‐access cardiac surgery or percutaneous catheter‐based valve intervention Anticoagulation management in the elderly Nonpharmacological curative therapy for atrial fibrillation Heart failure Thoracic aortic surgery Conclusions References CHAPTER 36: Peripheral arterial disease Introduction Epidemiology Risk factors for PAD Consequences of PAD Pathophysiology Diagnosis Treatment Conclusion Acknowledgements References CHAPTER 37: Venous thromboembolism in the elderly Introduction Risk factors Diagnosis Treatment – anticoagulation Prognosis and risk stratification Bleeding and recurrent VTE Conclusion References SECTION 5: Respiratory Diseases CHAPTER 38: Epidemiologic and pathophysiologic overview of respiratory infections Introduction Host factors Environmental factors References CHAPTER 39: Pneumonia Introduction Causative agents Clinical presentation of pneumonia in the elderly Differential diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infection Hospitalization and further investigations in elderly people with a suspected diagnosis of community‐acquired pneumonia Therapy of pneumonia in the elderly Prevention of pneumonia in the elderly Further reading CHAPTER 40: Aspiration pneumonia Introduction Pathophysiology Risk factors for aspiration Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management and prevention of aspiration Acknowledgements References CHAPTER 41: The COVID‐19 pandemic in older people Introduction Coronaviruses COVID‐19 in older people Prevention Ethical issues Future perspectives Conclusion References CHAPTER 42: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma Ageing mechanisms in the lungs Generalities on lung function testing in the elderly Inhalation techniques and adherence improvement issues Polypathology and polypharmacy in elderly respiratory patients Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Asthma References CHAPTER 43: Pulmonary rehabilitation Introduction Organization Patient selection Components of pulmonary rehabilitation Outcomes Maintenance following pulmonary rehabilitation Summary References SECTION 6: CNS Disorders CHAPTER 44: Neurological signs of ageing Introduction: interpreting ageing changes Neurological signs of ageing Reflexes Station and gait: postural responses Sensorimotor function: sensory systems Cognitive function Conclusions References CHAPTER 45: Sleep apnoea and sleep disorders Introduction Basic sleep concepts Main sleep alterations in seniors Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic leg movement during sleep (PLMS) REM sleep behaviour disorder Circadian rhythm sleep disorders Insomnia References CHAPTER 46: Normal pressure hydrocephalus Introduction Diagnostic modalities CSF flow and CSF flow rate Prognostic tests Diagnostic criteria of NPH Treatment References CHAPTER 47: Acute stroke care and management of carotid artery stenosis Introduction Stroke aetiology Stroke mimics Prognosis of stroke Clinical evaluation and stroke syndromes Prehospital care Initial investigations and imaging In‐hospital care Thrombolysis Thrombectomy Neuroprotective drugs Neurosurgery for ischaemic stroke Palliative care Stroke units Secondary prevention Carotid artery stenosis Carotid artery stenting Vertebral and intracranial arterial stenting Intracranial and subarachnoid haemorrhage Conclusion References CHAPTER 48: Stroke and stroke rehabilitation Introduction The neurological basis of recovery Patterns of recovery Objectives of rehabilitation Process of rehabilitation Early mobilization Restoration of motor function Neuromuscular stimulation Motor imagery Spatial neglect Organised (stroke unit) care Common problems in stroke rehabilitation Conclusion References CHAPTER 49: Communication disorders and dysphagia Communication Ageing and communication Hearing Vision Cognition Motor speech Depression Diagnosis and assessment of communication disorders Dysphasia Dyspraxia of speech Swallowing References CHAPTER 50: Acute and chronic subdural hematoma Introduction Acute subdural hematoma Chronic subdural hematoma Pathophysiology References CHAPTER 51: Epilepsy Introduction Epidemiology Definition of epilepsy Aetiology Clinical manifestation Diagnosis Differential diagnosis Treatment Conclusion References CHAPTER 52: Syncope and non‐epileptic attacks Introduction Syncope Other non‐epileptic attack disorders References CHAPTER 53: Parkinson’s disease Introduction Signs and symptoms of very late‐onset Parkinson’s disease Differential diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease Advanced Parkinson’s disease Management of Parkinson’s disease in the elderly Further reading CHAPTER 54: Non‐Parkinsonian movement disorders in the elderly Introduction Myoclonus Tremor Dystonia Tardive dyskinesia Chorea Functional movement disorders Restless legs and periodic limb movements during sleep and while awake References CHAPTER 55: Diabetic neuropathy Introduction Epidemiology and risk factors Pathogenesis Classifications Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Conclusion References CHAPTER 56: Disorders of the neuromuscular junction Introduction Myasthenia gravis Lambert‐Eaton myasthenic syndrome Peripheral nerve hyperexcitability Acknowledgement References CHAPTER 57: Muscle disorders Introduction Clinical assessment Acquired myopathies Inherited myopathies Acknowledgements References CHAPTER 58: Motor neuron disease Clinical presentation Epidemiology Genetic aspects Diagnostic criteria Heterogeneity and variants Physiopathology Treatments References CHAPTER 59: Chronic pain Introduction Pain and ageing Assessment Management Conclusions Acknowledgement References CHAPTER 60: Multiple sclerosis Introduction Pathophysiology, aetiology, and epidemiology Diagnostic evaluation Visual, brainstem, and cerebellar dysfunction Cognitive involvement Seizures and other paroxysmal manifestations Prognosis Comorbidities Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) Access to healthcare Fostering healthy living and resilience ReferencesЧитать дальше