Renewable Energy for Sustainable Growth Assessment

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Experimental set up of developed aluminium corrugated SAH.Figure 5.2 (a) Influence of temperature by day hours with the flow rate of air m...Figure 5.3 Relationships of T outand solar radiation with day time at air mass f...Figure 5.4 Relationships of thermal efficiency and radiation with day time at ma...Figure 5.5 The temperature difference ( Tout–Tin ) variation with day hours.Figure 5.6 Relationship of temperature rise factor with thermal efficiency.

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Elements influencing output PV characteristic.Figure 6.2 P-V Characteristics with unshaded (red curve) and shaded (blue curve)...Figure 6.3 Effect of evenly change in irradiance on (a) P-V & (b) I-V characteri...Figure 6.4 Effect of PS on output characteristics of module/array [18].Figure 6.5 Causes of partial shading [19].Figure 6.6 Types of partial shading [22].Figure 6.7 Effects of partial shading [Author self-developed].Figure 6.8 The short-term failure distribution of solar modules in the US [31].Figure 6.9 Block diagram of MPPT control [54].Figure 6.10 (a) Decentralized, (b) centralized, (c) distributed architecture [57...Figure 6.11 Four-level diode-clamped converter connected to three PV arrays [66]...Figure 6.12 Different kind of shading pattern is used while simulating in MATLAB...Figure 6.13 Classification of array reconfiguration techniques [69].Figure 6.14 Series configuration [72].Figure 6.15 Parallel configuration [74].Figure 6.16 Series-parallel configuration [76].Figure 6.17 TCT configuration [79].Figure 6.18 HC configuration [80].Figure 6.19 Bl configuration [83].Figure 6.20 SPTCT configuration [85].Figure 6.21 BLTCT configuration [86].Figure 6.22 BLHC configuration [86].Figure 6.23 Reconfigured/modified configurations [86].Figure 6.24 Su Do Ku configuration [90].Figure 6.25 Su Do Ku sub-array puzzle pattern [92].Figure 6.26 Flowchart for optimal Su Do Ku puzzle formation [93].Figure 6.27 9x9 optimal Su Do Ku pattern arrangements [93].Figure 6.28 Competence square method flow chart [94].Figure 6.29 (a) 9x9 TCT arrangement of PV array matrix, (b) implementation steps...Figure 6.30 Simple flowchart to position elements in DS puzzle [95].Figure 6.31 (a) 5x5 TCT matrix, (b) DS puzzle configured 5x5 matrix [95].Figure 6.32 (a) nine hall diagram, (b) Lo Shu matrix [96].Figure 6.33 9x9 PV matrix and its nine sub-arrays (a), Lo Shu matrix with a colu...Figure 6.34 (a) 4x3 TCT configurations, (b) NTCT configuration, (c) zigzag schem...Figure 6.35 Short & wide shading pattern on 9x9 TCT & Su Do Ku configuration [10...Figure 6.36 Power enhancement (%) for 9x9 TCT & Su Do Ku configuration [97, 104]...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Bifacial modules convert solar energy into electricity from both side...Figure 7.2 (a) A system of monofacial PV (b) a system of bifacial PV (c) structu...Figure 7.3 Schematic of four screen-printed cell concepts: (a) shows a standard ...Figure 7.4 (a) Module mounted in a landscape configuration. (b) Module mounted i...Figure 7.5 Summary of parameters that affect rear-irradiance [33–36].Figure 7.6 Variation in albedo of ground for high and natural albedo type.Figure 7.7 View factor variation of ground of different cells on the modules [8]...Figure 7.8 Ray-tracing algorithm details illustration [43].Figure 7.9 Bifacial irradiance simulations using RADIANCE and its flowchart [42]...Figure 7.10 Distribution of Radiance over sky dome for each hour calculated usin...Figure 7.11 View factors shown for two surface elements.Figure 7.12 View factor of two surfaces of infinite length.Figure 7.13 Schematic of a PV module’s view factor [11].Figure 7.14 The monthly yield in energy computed using different methods.Figure 7.15 Yearly rear-surface irradiance gain ratio calculated with different ...Figure 7.16 Effect of albedo on performance of PV.Figure 7.17 Effect of angle of tilt on PV performance [11].Figure 7.18 The effect of elevation on PV performance [11].Figure 7.19 The influence of weather parameters on the performance of PV modules...

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Pretreatment and its effect on lignocellulosic biomass.Figure 8.2 Types of pretreatment.Figure 8.3 Picture representing the de-polymerization of lignin into lignin frag...

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Photosynthesis pathway.Figure 9.2 Types of biomass resources.Figure 9.3 Biomass to bioenergy conversion technologies.Figure 9.4 Energy recovery by combustion of different material of MSW over 1960-...

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Installed capacity of solar PV in Africa (2000-2015). Source: IRENA,...Figure 10.2 Share of total cost of a large-scale solar photovoltaic project in A...Figure 10.3 Distribution of renewable energy projects in South Africa. Source: M...Figure 10.4 REIPPP growth in energy produced during 2014. Source: DoE, 2015 [57]...Figure 10.5 Electricity generation from hydropower between 2011 - 2016. Source: ...Figure 10.6 Electric power production (2004/05 - 2015/16) Source: IRENA, 2018 [5...Figure 10.7 Renewable energy generation capacity in Nigeria Source: African Ener...

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Schematic diagram of pyrolysis of biomass waste.Figure 11.2 Synthesis and characterisation ECF.Figure 11.3 Resources of biomass.Figure 11.4 Diagrammatic representation of BC derived CF.Figure 11.5 Schematic illustration for synthesis of PB and NPB.Figure 11.6 Preparation of ECF.Figure 11.7 FT-IR of (a) PB (b) NPB (c) PC (d) ECFu and (e) ECF.Figure 11.8 XRD images of (a) PB (b) NPB (c) PC and (d) ECF.Figure 11.9 TEM (i) image of NPB (900 nm) at 8KX and SEM (ii-iv) images of ECF a...Figure 11.10 (a) TG-DTA-DTG thermogram of PB, (b) TG-DTA-DTG thermogram of NPB, ...Figure 11.11 Electrical characteristics of NPB, PC, OP and ECF.

12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Minimum and maximum cost comparison of renewable energy sources (INR...Figure 12.2 (a) Static VAR compensator (TCR & TSC) and (b) Thyristor-controlled ...Figure 12.3 (a) STATCOM, (b) SSSC, (c) DVR and (d) UPFC.Figure 12.4 (a) Uncompensated line, (b) shunt compensation and (c) series compen...Figure 12.5 (a) CSC-HVDC and (b) VSC-HVDC.Figure 12.6 (a) Back-to-back, (b) monopolar and (c) bipolar.Figure 12.7 Cross-sectional views of SiC devices.Figure 12.8 DC-DC buck-boost converter.Figure 12.9 Bidirectional ac-link ac-ac buck-boost converter.Figure 12.10 Soft switching bidirectional ac-link ac-ac buck-boost converter.Figure 12.11 Soft switching bidirectional ac-link ac-ac buck-boost converter wit...Figure 12.12 Soft switching multi-port bidirectional ac-link ac-ac buck-boost co...Figure 12.13 Wind energy electrical energy conversion systems.Figure 12.14 Modern wind power converters.Figure 12.15 Dominant power converter topologies in wind power applications.Figure 12.16 Block diagram of the back-to-back topology.Figure 12.17 Grid-tied PV energy conversion system.Figure 12.18 Multilevel inverter classifications.Figure 12.19 Three-phase NPC multi-string topology for multi-megawatt PV applica...Figure 12.20 Three-phase CHB multi-string topology for multi-megawatt PV applica...Figure 12.21 AC-DC-AC Indirect converter.Figure 12.22 Fully controlled three-phase to three-phase AC-DC-AC converter (a) ...Figure 12.23 Simplified AC-DC-AC Converter (a) Two-level three phases/single pha...Figure 12.24 (a) Diode clamped multilevel inverter, (b) flying capacitor multile...Figure 12.25 Three-phase to five-phase matrix converter.Figure 12.26 Single-phase boost PFC circuit.Figure 12.27 (a) Shunt APF, (b) Series APF and (c) UPFC.Figure 12.28 Bearing currents.Figure 12.29 Common mode current analysis.Figure 12.30 (a) Voltage-fed ZSI and (b) voltage-fed qZSI.Figure 12.31 qZSI with battery pack for PV system.

13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Schematic concept of hydrogen fuel cell.Figure 13.2 Fuel cell process schematic representation.Figure 13.3 Fuel cell reactions.Figure 13.4 Current density against voltage i-v curve with various regions of vo...Figure 13.5 Schematic power density with i-v curve.Figure 13.6 Block diagram of energy storage system.Figure 13.7 PGM, platinum group metal price for 100 kW (FCEV year wise) [6]. Sou...Figure 13.8 Hydrogen fuel cell car [20]. Source courtesy from: https://afdc.ener...Figure 13.9 Hydrogen fuel modeled by the intergovernmental panel on climate chan...Figure 13.10 Automotive fuel cell stack cost, year wise and future targets [6]. ...Figure 13.11 Hydrogen economy with fuel cell.