Orna Ophir - Schizophrenia

1 Cover

2 Title Page SCHIZOPHRENIA An Unfinished History Orna Ophir polity

3 Copyright Copyright © Orna Ophir 2022 The right of Orna Ophir to be identified as Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published in 2022 by Polity Press Polity Press 65 Bridge Street Cambridge CB2 1UR, UK Polity Press 101 Station Landing Suite 300 Medford, MA 02155, USA All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purpose of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. ISBN-13: 978-1-5095-3648-1 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. The publisher has used its best endeavors to ensure that the URLs for external websites referred to in this book are correct and active at the time of going to press. However, the publisher has no responsibility for the websites and can make no guarantee that a site will remain live or that the content is or will remain appropriate. Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been overlooked the publisher will be pleased to include any necessary credits in any subsequent reprint or edition. For further information on Polity, visit our website: politybooks.com

4 Preface Notes

5 Acknowledgments

6 Introduction: The Ends of a Diagnosis If You Want a Label Carving Nature at Its Joints The End of a Diagnosis? A Difference in Kind or in Degree? Madness from Antiquity to the Present Day Notes

7 1. From the Bible to Bleuler Prophets or Beasts? Madness in the Bible Unsacred Brains and Untamed Horses: Madness in Greco-Roman Texts Holy and Unholy Madness in Medieval Times Early Modern Madness: God, Satan, Witches, and Poison Modern Madness: A Disease Entity, a Natural Kind Psychiatric Classification and the Making of Schizophrenia Notes

8 2. The Birth of “the Schizophrenias” More than a “Renamer”: Paul Eugen Bleuler The Birth of the Schizophrenias Notes

9 3. Psychoanalysis and Schizophrenia Freud’s Analysis of Schreber: Strangeness Made Familiar Beyond the Schreber Case Freud’s Dual Legacy Melanie Klein and Her Legacy Psychoanalysis in Psychiatric Hospitals Notes

10 4. A Moving Target The Psychiatric Bible DSM-I (1952): Schizophrenic Reactions DSM-II (1968): From Reaction to Disease DSM-III (1980): Narrowing Down the Concept of Schizophrenia DSM-III-R (1987): Schizophrenia, in the Singular DSM-IV (1994): Broadening the Concept of Schizophrenia Transition Toward the Spectrum of Schizophrenia DSM-5 (2013): Shifting the Paradigm, the Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders A Moving Target Notes

11 5. Hearing Voices Hearing Voices in the Ancient World Women and Voice-Hearing in Medieval Times The Renaissance and Onward to the Protestant Reformation Hearing Voices and Modern Psychiatry The Role of Culture Listening to the Voices A New Identity: The Voice-Hearer Notes

12 6. Stigma and the Problem of Naming Schizophrenia as “Life Unworthy of Life”: The Aktion T-4 Program A Dangerous Diagnosis Self-Stigma “Schizophrenic Skins:” Racial Stigma The Case of “Sluggish Schizophrenia” in the Soviet Union Moving Forward: Possible Solutions Minding Our Words: Considering a Name Change From Split Mind to Integration Disorder: A Terminological Change in East Asia From Schizophrenia to “Salience Disorder”: Renaming the Diagnosis in Europe and the United States Dropping the Term “Schizophrenia”: The Case of the ISPS Towards the Future: A Destigmatizing Story Notes

13 7. The Ethics of a Diagnosis Notes

14 Index

15 End User License Agreement

1 Introduction: The Ends of a Diagnosis Figure 1Joseph Jastrow, The duck–rabbit illusion (1899)

2 Chapter 2 Figure 2Emil Kraepelin (1856–1926) was the first, in 1896, to regard dementia praecox, … Figure 3Paul Eugen Bleuler (1857–1939) Figure 4Title page of the first 1911 edition of Bleuler’s Dementia Praecox: The Group of …

3 Chapter 3 Figure 5The Burghölzli Clinic, where Bleuler coined the term schizophrenia and where … Figure 6Karl Abraham (1877–1925) Figure 7Melanie Klein (1882–1960)

4 Chapter 5 Figure 8Hildegard von Bingen (1098–1179)

5 Chapter 6 Figure 9Breaking the stigma

1 Cover

2 Table of Contents

3 Title Page

4 Copyright

5 Preface

6 Acknowledgments

7 Begin Reading

8 Index

9 End User License Agreement

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