Philip Hofmann - Solid State Physics

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Measured and calculated electrical conductivities of metals as a ...Figure 5.2 (a) Illustration of the Hall effect. (b) Equilibrium between the ...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 The formation of energy bands in solids. (a) Bonding and antibond...Figure 6.2 Band formation in Si. The lower band is completely occupied with ...Figure 6.3 Electronic states in the free electron model. The increasing ener...Figure 6.4 (a) Density of states for a free electron gas. (b) Fermi–Dirac ...Figure 6.5 Most of the electrons in a metal (roughly those in the dark gray ...Figure 6.6 Sketch of the electronic and lattice contributions to the heat ca...Figure 6.7 Screening of a positively charged impurity in a metal. (a) The oc...Figure 6.8 Potential due to a positive point charge in a metal compared to t...Figure 6.9 Electronic states in the nearly‐free electron model for a one‐dim...Figure 6.10 Qualitative explanation for the gap openings at the Brillouin zo...Figure 6.11 Bands for a one‐dimensional solid calculated within the tight‐bi...Figure 6.12 (a) Electronic energy bands in Al along the –X direction. The i...Figure 6.13 Electronic energy bands for Si and GaAs. These materials have th...Figure 6.14 Illustration of the difference between metals and semiconductors...Figure 6.15 Origin of the electronic energy bands for graphene. (a) sp hybr...Figure 6.16 Simple picture of conduction in a metal. The circles symbolize f...Figure 6.17 Temperature‐dependent heat capacities of two solids.Figure 6.18 Band structure and Brillouin zone of a material.

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Charge neutrality and the position of the chemical potential in a...Figure 7.2 Transport of charge in an electric field for a partially filled...Figure 7.3 (a) Sketch of the valence band and conduction band in the vicinit...Figure 7.4 The measurement of cyclotron resonance. The electrons (or holes) ...Figure 7.5 Nonionized dopant atoms in a Si lattice: (a) donor (b) acceptor....Figure 7.6 Energy levels of dopant atoms. (a) The donor ground state is plac...Figure 7.7 Electron density and position of the chemical potential for an n‐...Figure 7.8 The pn junction. (a) Energy levels and carrier densities in separ...Figure 7.9 Idealized model of the depletion zone solved using the Poisson eq...Figure 7.10 Definition of the energies in the pn junction. The VBM on the n ...Figure 7.11 The pn junction as a diode (considering only the electrons, not ...Figure 7.12 Characteristic curve for a pn junction operated as diode.Figure 7.13 Design and working principle of a MOSFET: (a) without applied vo...Figure 7.14 Generation of an inversion layer in the MOSFET. The positive gat...Figure 7.15 Optoelectronic devices. (a) A light‐emitting diode works because...Figure 7.16 Sketch of a silicon solar cell and the electrical contact to an ...Figure 7.17 Band structure of a semiconductor near the band gap.Figure 7.18 Valence band and conduction band near the junction between two s...

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 (a) Precession of an atomic magnetic moment in an external field....Figure 8.2 Paramagnetic susceptibility of a solid with localized magnetic mo...Figure 8.3 (a) Density of occupied states for free electrons at K, split u...Figure 8.4 Types of magnetic ordering. The arrows denote the direction and s...Figure 8.5 Temperature‐dependent magnetization of Fe, Co, and Ni below the C...Figure 8.6 (a) Occupied density of states in a 3d transition metal, separate...Figure 8.7 (a) Domains of different magnetization in a ferromagnetic solid. ...Figure 8.8 (a) Magnetic material with a single domain leading to a strong ex...Figure 8.9 Magnetization of a ferromagnetic sample as a function of external...

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 A parallel‐plate capacitor. (a) Charges on the plates of the capa...Figure 9.2 Mechanisms leading to microscopic electric polarization. (a) The ...Figure 9.3 The local field on microscopic polarizable units. (a) Microscopic...Figure 9.4 Dielectric function for a damped, driven harmonic oscillator clos...Figure 9.5 (a) Contributions to the imaginary part of by transitions betwe...Figure 9.6 Upper part : The unit cell of barium titanate with the charges o...Figure 9.7 (a) Exposing a piezoelectric material to mechanical stress result...

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Typical temperature‐dependent resistivities of a normal metal an...Figure 10.2 Periodic table of the elements with the superconducting elements...Figure 10.3 (a) Combined effect of a magnetic field and a finite temperature...Figure 10.4 The Meissner effect is not merely a consequence of zero resistiv...Figure 10.5 Illustration of the isotope effect. The graph shows the critical...Figure 10.6 Exponential damping of an external magnetic field near the surfa...Figure 10.7 Local deformation of the lattice via the electrostatic interacti...Figure 10.8 Occupation of single‐electron levels at zero temperature in (a) ...Figure 10.9 Gap size for a superconductor in the BCS model as a function of ...Figure 10.10 Tunneling experiment between a superconductor and a normal meta...Figure 10.11 Qualitative low‐temperature heat capacity of a superconductor i...Figure 10.12 (a) A superconducting ring enclosing a magnetic flux. The magne...Figure 10.13 Resistivity , internal magnetic field , and magnetization a...Figure 10.14 Magnetic flux in a type‐II superconductor. The field penetrates...Figure 10.15 Increase of the highest critical temperature of known superco...

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 (a) A thin metal film on a semiconducting or insulating substrat...Figure 11.2 (a) Matching of a bulk electronic state (a Bloch wave) to an exp...Figure 11.3 Illustration of topologically protected metallic states between ...

12 Appendix BFigure B.1 Two‐dimensional lattices with unit cell.

1 Cover

2 Table of Contents

3 Title Page Solid State Physics An Introduction Third Edition Philip Hofmann

4 Copyright Author Prof. Philip Hofmann Aarhus University Department of Physics and Astronomy Ny Munkegade 120 8000 Aarhus C Denmark Solution manual for instructors available from www.wiley-vch.de/ISBN9783527414109 Cover Image: Band structure of aluminum determined by angle‐resolved photoemission spectroscopy. Data taken from Physical Review B 66, 245422 (2002). All books published by WILEY‐VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate. Library of Congress Card No.: applied for British Library Cataloguing‐in‐Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at < http://dnb.d‐nb.de >. © 2022 WILEY‐VCH GmbH, Boschstraße 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law. Print ISBN: 978‐3‐527‐41410‐9 ePDF ISBN: 978‐3‐527‐83725‐0 ePub ISBN: 978‐3‐527‐83726‐7 Cover Design: FORMGEBER, Mannheim, Germany