Bruce Bagemihl - Biological Exuberance

Homosexual activity occurs in several other species of African monkeys. Same-sex mounting (in both males and females) is found in Vervets (Cercopithecus aethiops) (comprising about 11 percent of all mounting), Sooty Mangabeys (cercocebus torquatus ) (about 18 percent of mounting), and Talapoins (Miopithecus talapoin). Mounting between male Vervets is often accompanied by grooming, embracing from behind, fondling and displaying of the genitals, and nuzzling of the perineum and scrotum. Same-sex mounting in Talapoins may also include embracing or play-wrestling. Among Patas Monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) , adolescent and younger males often fondle and nuzzle the scrotum and genitals of adult males.

*asterisked references discuss homosexuality/transgender

*Abegglen, J.-J. (1984) On Socialization in Hamadryas Baboons: A Field Study . Lewisburg, Pa.: Bucknell University Press.

*Bernstein, I. S. (1975) “Activity Patterns in a Gelada Monkey Group.” Folia Primatologica 23:50—71.

*———(1970) “Primate Status Hierarchies.” In L. A. Rosenblum, ed., Primate Behavior: Developments in Field and Laboratory Research , vol.l, pp. 71—109. New York: Academic Press.

*Bielert, C. (1985) “Testosterone Propionate Treatment of an XY Gonadal Dysgenetic Chacma Baboon.” Hormones and Behavior 19:372—85.

*———(1984a) “The Social Interactions of Adult Conspecifics with an Adult XY Gonadal Dysgenetic Chacma Baboon (Papio ursinus).” Hormones and Behavior 18:42-55.

*———(1984b) “Estradiol Benzoate Treatment of an XY Gonadal Dysgenetic Chacma Baboon.” Hormones and Behavior 18:191—205.

*Bielert, C., R. Bernstein, G. B. Simon, and L. A. van der Walt (1980) “XY Gonadal Dysgenesis in a Chacma Baboon (Papio ursinus).” International Journal of Primatology 1:3—14.

*Dixson, A. F., D. M. Scruton, and J. Herbert (1975) “Behavior of the Talapoin Monkey (Miopithecus talapoin) Studied in Groups, in the Laboratory.” Journal of Zoology, London 176:177—210.

Dunbar, R. (1984) Reproductive Decisions: An Economic Analysis of Gelada Baboon Social Strategies. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

*Dunbar, R., and P. Dunbar (1975) Social Dynamics of Gelada Baboons. Basel: S. Karger.

*Fedigan, L. M. (1972) “Roles and Activities of Male Geladas (Theropithecus gelada).” Behavior 41:82-90.

*Gartlan, J. S. (1974) “Adaptive Aspects of Social Structure in Eryhthrocebus patas.” In S. Kondo, M. Kawai, A. Ehara, and S. Kawamura, eds., Proceedings from the Symposia of the Fifth Congress of the International Primatological Society , pp. 161-71. Tokyo: Japan Science Press.

*———(1969) “Sexual and Maternal Behavior of the Vervet Monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops.” Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, supplement 6:137—50.

*Hall, K. R. L. (1962) “The Sexual, Agonistic, and Derived Social Behavior Patterns of the Wild Chacma Baboon, Papio ursinus.” Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 139:283—327.

*Hausfater, G., and D. Takacs (1987) “Structure and Function of Hindquarter Presentations in Yellow Ba boons (Papio cynocephalus).” Ethology 74:297—319.

*Kummer, H. (1968) Social Organization of Hamadryas Baboons. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

*Kummer, H., and F. Kurt (1965) “A Comparison of Social Behavior in Captive and Wild Hamadryas Baboons.” In H. Vagtborg, ed., The Baboon in Medical Research, pp. 65—80. Austin: University of Texas Press.

*Leresche, L. A. (1976) “Dyadic Play in Hamadryas Baboons.” Behavior 57:190—205.

*Marais, E. N. (1926) “Baboons, Hypnosis, and Insanity.” Psyche 7:104—10.

*———(1922/1969) The Soul of the Ape. New York: Atheneum.

*Maxim, P. E., and J. Buettner-Janusch (1963) “A Field Study of the Kenya Baboon.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 21:165—80.

Mori, A., T. Iwamoto, and A. Bekele (1997) “A Case of Infanticide in a Recently Found Gelada Population in Arsi, Ethiopia.” Primates 38:79-88.

*Mori, U. (1979) “Individual Relationships within a Unit; Development of Sociability and Social Status.” In M. Kawai (ed.) Ecological and Sociological Studies of Gelada Baboons , pp. 93-154. Basel: S. Karger.

*Noë, R. (1992) “Alliance Formation Among Male Baboons: Shopping for Profitable Partners.” In A. H. Harcourt and F. B. M. de Waal, eds., Coalitions and Alliances in Humans and Other Animals , pp. 284-321. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

*Owens, N. W. (1976) “The Development of Sociosexual Behaviour in Free-Living Baboons, Papio anubis.” Behavior 57:241—59.

Packer, C. (1980) “Male Care and Exploitation of Infants in Papio anubis.” Animal Behavior 28:512—20.

Pereira, M. E. (1983) “Abortion Following the Immigration of an Adult Male Baboon (Papio cynocephalus).” American Journal of Primatology 4:93—98.

*Ransom, T. W. (1981) Beach Troop of the Gombe . Lewisburg, Pa.: Bucknell University Press; London and Toronto: Associated University Presses.

*Rowell, T. E. (1973) “Social Organization of Wild Talapoin Monkeys.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 38:593—98.

*———(1967a) “Female Reproductive Cycles and the Behavior of Baboons and Rhesus Macaques.” In S. A. Altmann, ed., Social Communication Among Primates , pp. 15—32. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

“———(1967b) “A Quantitative Comparison of the Behavior of a Wild and a Caged Baboon Group.” Animal Behavior 15:499—509.

Saayman, G. S. (1970) “The Menstrual Cycle and Sexual Behavior in a Troop of Free Ranging Chacma Baboons (Papio ursinus).” Folia Primatologica 12:81—110.

Smuts, B. B. (1987) “What Are Friends For?” Natural History 96(2):36-45.

———(1985) Sex and Friendship in Baboons . New York: Aldine.

*Smuts, B. B., and J. M. Watanabe (1990) “Social Relationships and Ritualized Greetings in Adult Male Baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis).” International Journal of Primatology 11:147—72.

*Struhsaker, T. T. (1967) Behavior of Vervet Monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). University of California Publications in Zoology, vol. 82. Berkeley: University of California Press.

*Wadsworth, P. F., D. G. Allen, and D. E. Prentice (1978) “Pseudohermaphroditism in a Baboon (Papio anubis).” Toxicology Letters 1:261—66.

Wasser, S. K., and S. K. Starling (1988) “Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Reproductive Suppression Among Female Yellow Baboons at Mikumi National Park, Tanzania.” American Journal of Primatology 16:97—121.

*Weinrich, J. D. (1980) “Homosexual Behavior in Animals: A New Review of Observations From the Wild, and Their Relationship to Human Sexuality.” In R. Forleo and W. Pasini, eds., Medical Sexology: The Third International Congress , pp. 288—95. Littleton, Mass.: PSG Publishing.

*Wolfheim, J. H., and T. E. Rowell (1972) “Communication Among Captive Talapoin Monkeys (Miopithecus talapoin).” Folia Primatologica 18:224—55.

*Zuckerman, S. (1932) The Social Life of Monkeys and Apes . New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company.

IDENTIFICATION: A small (9–14 inch) monkey with a long tail; a pinkish white, heart- or skull-shaped facial pattern; and dense, yellowish or gray-green fur. DISTRIBUTION: Throughout most of northeastern South America, including Brazil, Colombia. HABITAT: Forests, swamps. STUDY AREAS: Monkey Jungle, Miami, Florida; Washington and California Regional Primate Research Centers; University of California—Santa Barbara; Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.