Чарлз Дахигг - Власть привычки. Почему мы живем и работаем именно так, а не иначе

Представительница больницы Род-Айленда писала: «Я бы не назвала царившую в больнице атмосферу кризисом – скорее деморализацией многих сотрудников. Многие чувствовали себя в осадном положении».

Видеокамеры были установлены с согласия Департамента здравоохранения.

Памятная записка «Rhode Island Hospital Surgical Safety Backgrounder» предоставлена руководством больницы. Более подробно о мерах безопасности, которые приняла больница Род-Айленда см.: http://rhodeislandhospital.org/rih/quality.

Подробно об изменениях в медицине в условиях кризиса и об операциях не с той стороны см.: Douglas McCarthy & David Blumenthal, “Stories from the Sharp End: Case Studies in Safety Improvement”, Milbank Quarterly 84 (2006): 165–200; J. W. Senders et al., “The Egocentric Surgeon or the Roots of Wrong Side Surgery”, Quality and Safety in Health Care 17 (2008): 396–400; Mary R. Kwaan et al., “Incidence, Patterns and Prevention of Wrong-Site Surgery,” Archives of Surgery 141, № 4 (04/2006): 353–57.

Обсуждение этой темы см.: McCarthy & Blumenthal, “Stories from the Sharp End”; Atul Gawande, Better: A Surgeon’s Notes on Performance (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2008); Atul Gawande, The Checklist Manifesto: How to Get Things Right (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2009).

NASA, “Report to the President: Actions to Implement the Recommendations of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident”, 14/07/1986; Matthew W. Seeger, “The Challenger Tragedy and Search for Legitimacy”, Communication Studies 37, № 3 (1986): 147–57; John Noble Wilford, “New NASA System Aims to Encourage Blowing the Whistle”, The New York Times, 5/06/1987; Joseph Lorenzo Hall, “ Columbia and Challenger : Organizational Failure at NASA”, Space Policy 19, № 4 (11/2003), 239–47; Barbara Romzek & Melvin Dubnick, “Accountability in the Public Sector: Lessons from the Challenger Tragedy”, Public Administration Review 47, № 3 (05–06/1987): 227–38.

Karl E. Weick, “The Vulnerable System: An Analysis of the Tenerife Air Disaster”, Journal of Management 16, № 3 (1990): 571–93; William Evan & Mark Manion, Minding the Machines: Preventing Technological Disasters (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall Professional, 2002); Raimo P. Hämäläinen & Esa Saarinen, Systems Intelligence: Discovering a Hidden Competence in Human Action and Organizational Life (Helsinki: Helsinki University of Technology, 2004).

Американская молодежная организация, основанная в 1902 г. Позволяет подросткам в возрасте от пяти до девятнадцати лет завести новых друзей, обучиться новому ремеслу, примерить на себя руководящую роль, сделать вклад в общество. В названии отражены четыре основные ценности организации – Голова (Head), Сердце (Heart), Руки (Hands) и Здоровье (Health).

Информация о подсознательных тактиках в розничной торговле почерпнута из следующих источников: Jeremy Caplan, “Supermarket Science”, Time, 24/05/2007; Paco Underhill, Why We Buy: The Science of Shopping (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000); Jack Hitt, “The Theory of Supermarkets”, The New York Times, 10/03/1996; “The Science of Shopping: The Way the Brain Buys”, The Economist, 20/12/2008; “Understanding the Science of Shopping”, Talk of the Nation, National Public Radio, 12/12/2008; Malcolm Gladwell, “The Science of Shopping”, The New Yorker, 4/11/1996.

На сегодняшний день проведены тысячи исследований, посвященных изучению того, как привычки влияют на поведение покупателей, а подсознательные и полусозна-тельные желания – на решения, иначе не подвластные воздействию привычных стимулов. Более подробно об этих интересных темах см.: H. Aarts, A. van Knippenberg, & B. Verplanken, “Habit and Information Use in Travel Mode Choices”, Acta Psychologica 96, №№ 1–2 (1997): 1–14; J. A. Bargh, “The Four Horsemen of Automaticity: Awareness, Efficiency, Intention, and Control in Social Cognition”, Handbook of Social Cognition, ed. R. S. Wyer, Jr., & T. K. Srull (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994); D. Bell, T. Ho & C. Tang, “Determining Where to Shop: Fixed and Variable Costs of Shopping”, Journal of Marketing Research 35, № 3 (1998): 352–69; T. Betsch, S. Haberstroh, B. Molter, A. 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Holland & D. Langendam, “Breaking and Creating Habits on the Working Floor: A Field-Experiment on the Power of Implementation Intentions”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 42, № 6 (2006): 776–83; Mindy Ji & Wendy Wood, “Purchase and Consumption Habits: Not Necessarily What You Intend”, Journal of Consumer Psychology 17, № 4 (2007): 261–76; S. Bellman, E. J. Johnson & G. Lohse, “Cognitive Lock-In and the Power Law of Practice”, Journal of Marketing 67, № 2 (2003): 62–75; J. Bettman et al., “Adapting to Time Constraints”, Time Pressure and Stressing Human Judgment and Decision Making, ed. O. Svenson & J. Maule (New York: Springer, 1993); Adwait Khare & J. Inman, “Habitual Behavior in American Eating Patterns: The Role of Meal Occasions”, Journal of Consumer Research 32, № 4 (2006): 567–75; David Bell & R. Lal, “The Impact of Frequent Shopper Programs in Grocery Retailing”, Quantitative Marketing and Economics 1, № 2 (2002): 179–202; Yuping Liu, “The Long-Term Impact of Loyalty Programs on Consumer Purchase Behavior and Loyalty”, Journal of Marketing 71, № 4 (2007): 19–35; Neale Martin, Habit: The 95 % of Behavior Marketers Ignore (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: FT Press, 2008); H. Aarts, K. Fujia & K. C. McCulloch, “Inhibition in Goal Systems: A Retrieval-Induced Forgetting Account”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 44, № 3 (2008): 614–23; Gerald Häubl & K. B. Murray, “Explaining Cognitive Lock-In: The Role of Skill-Based Habits of Use in Consumer Choice”, Journal of Consumer Research 34 (2007): 77–88; D. Neale, J. Quinn, & W. Wood, “Habits: A Repeat Performance”, Current Directions in Psychological Science 15, № 4 (2006): 198–202; R. L. Oliver, “Whence Consumer Loyalty?” Journal of Marketing 63 (1999): 33–44; C. T. 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Sheeran, “Implementation Intentions and Repeated Behavior: Augmenting the Predictive Validity of the Theory of Planned Behavior”, European Journal of Social Psychology 29, №№ 2–3 (1999): 349–69; P. Sheeran, P. Gollwitzer & P. Webb, “The Interplay Between Goal Intentions and Implementation Intentions”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 31, № 1 (2005): 87–98; H. Shen & R. S. Wyer, “Procedural Priming and Consumer Judgments: Effects on the Impact of Positively and Negatively Valenced Information”, Journal of Consumer Research 34, № 5 (2007): 727–37; Itamar Simonson, “The Effect of Purchase Quantity and Timing on Variety-Seeking Behavior”, Journal of Marketing Research 27, № 2 (1990): 150–62; G. Taylor & S. Neslin, “The Current and Future Sales Impact of a Retail Frequency Reward Program”, Journal of Retailing 81, № 4, 293–305; H. Aarts & B. Verplanken, “Habit, Attitude and Planned Behavior: Is Habit an Empty Construct or an Interesting Case of Goal-Directed Automaticity?” European Review of Social Psychology 10 (1999): 101–34; B. Verplanken, Henk Aarts, & Ad Van Knippenberg, “Habit, Information Acquisition and the Process of Making Travel Mode Choices”, European Journal of Social Psychology 27, № 5 (1997): 539–60; B. Verplanken et al., “Attitude Versus General Habit: Antecedents of Travel Mode Choice”, Journal of Applied Social Psychology 24, № 4 (1994): 285–300; B. Verplanken et al., “Consumer Style and Health: The Role of Impulsive Buying in Unhealthy Eating”, Psychology and Health 20, № 4 (2005): 429–41; B. Verplanken et al., “Context Change and Travel Mode Choice: Combining the Habit Discontinuity and Self-Activation Hypotheses”, Journal of Environmental Psychology 28 (2008): 121–27; Bas Verplanken & Wendy Wood, “Interventions to Break and Create Consumer Habits”, Journal of Public Policy and Marketing 25, № 1 (2006): 90–103; H. Evanschitzky, B. Ramaseshan & V. Vogel, “Customer Equity Drivers and Future Sales”, Journal of Marketing 72 (2008): 98–108; P. Sheeran & T. L. Webb, “Does Changing Behavioral Intentions Engender Behavioral Change? A Meta-Analysis of the Experimental Evidence”, Psychological Bulletin 132, № 2 (2006): 249–68; P. Sheeran, T. L. Webb & A. Luszczynska, “Planning to Break Unwanted Habits: Habit Strength Moderates Implementation Intention Effects on Behavior Change”, British Journal of Social Psychology 48, № 3 (2009): 507–23; D. Wegner & R. Wenzlaff, “Thought Suppression”, Annual Review of Psychology 51 (2000): 59–91; L. Lwin, A. Mattila & J. Wirtz, “How Effective Are Loyalty Reward Programs in Driving Share of Wallet?” Journal of Service Research 9, № 4 (2007): 327–34; D. Kashy, J. Quinn & W. Wood, “Habits in Everyday Life: Thought, Emotion, and Action”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83, № 6 (2002): 1281–97; L. Tam, M. Witt & W. Wood (2005), “Changing Circumstances, Disrupting Habits”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88, № 6 (2005): 918–33; Alison Jing Xu & Robert S. Wyer, “The Effect of Mindsets on Consumer Decision Strategies”, Journal of Consumer Research 34, № 4 (2007): 556–66; C. Cole, M. Lee & C. Yoon, “Consumer Decision Making and Aging: Current Knowledge and Future Directions”, Journal of Consumer Psychology 19 (2009): 2–16; S. Dhar, A. Krishna & Z. Zhang, “The Optimal Choice of Promotional Vehicles: Front-Loaded or Rear-Loaded Incentives?” Management Science 46, № 3 (2000): 348–62.