Dave Grossman - On Killing

• manifestations of, 282

• medical personnel, 335

• of nonkillers, 284-85

• social support and, 283, 285, 287, 289, 334-35, 345

• treatment of, 293

• of Vietnam veterans, 47, 48, 248, 279, 282, 287-89, 291, 344

• of World War II veterans, 285-87

posturing, 5-9, 11, 12, 13, 21, 71, 126-27, 181

poverty, effect of, 303

Pratchett, Terry, 340-41

prisoners of war

• bombing of, 57-58, 79

• executions of, 216

• fears of, 57-58

• murder of, 199-205, 209

• uses of, 204-05

proximity of medical treatment, 49, 269

Prussian military, 10-11, 19

psychiatric casualties, 43-50, 94-96. See also post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); trauma, psychological

• civilian victims of war, 55-57

• drugs to treat, 270-71

• fear as cause of, 51-66

• guilt and, 91

• loss of fortitude and, 83

• manifestations of, 45-48

• medical personnel, 62-64, 335

• naval combat, 58-59

• officers, 64-65

• patrols behind enemy lines, 60-62

• prisoners of war, 57—58

• treatment of, 48-50, 293

• Vietnam War, 269, 277-78

• World War II, 269

psychological distance, 128, 160, 169, 324. See also emotional distance, effect of

psychopaths, aggressive, 50, 61, 124, 180-85, 189, 235

• as Nazi death camp officers, 78-79

• post-war behavior of, 181

psychotic personality, 48

PTSD. See post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

punishment justification, 165, 167, 339

quick kill, 253, 257

racism, effect of, 303. See also cultural distance

raids behind enemy lines, 60-61

Rand Corporation air-raid study, 56, 65

rape, 77, 137, 210-11, 220-21, 285

rationalization and acceptance

• of killing, 231, 233, 237-40, 243, 262-80, 343

• of not killing, 233

rear, attack from, 81. See also safe areas

recent loss, effect of, 179, 189, 330, 342

reconnaissance patrols, 60

refugees, 81

religiosity, extreme, 48

Remarque, Erich Maria, 125

remorse. See guilt

resensitization, 325-32

reserve forces, 71

responsibility, diffusion of, 225, 295, 303. See also group absolution

rest and recuperation, 49

revenge, 179, 320

Revolutionary War, U.S., 166

Rhodesia, 178-79, 258, 340

Richardson, Frank, 116

rifled muskets, 18-19

rifles, 9

Rogel, William, 232

role models, 303, 317-23

Roman military forces, 121, 145-46, 154, 336

Rorkes Drift battle, 11

Rosenthal, A. M., 327

Roupell, George, 12, 333

Rwanda, 121

Ryan, Cornelius, 211

safe areas, 263, 267-68, 287-88

sailors. See naval personnel

Santoli, Al, 267

scapegoats, 210-11

schizoid trends, 48

screams. See noise

Seaton, Albert, 211

secret police, 210

self-deception, 33

self-defense, 173, 174, 195

self-inflicted wounds, 78

self-preservation, 27, 225, 226

Seligman, Martin, 81

senses, effect of combat on, 74-75

Sepoy Mutiny, 121, 162

sexuality, 31-32

• aggression and, 134-37

• piercing of enemy’s body, sexual

• connotations of, 121

sexual range, killing at, 134-37

Shalit, Ben, 31, 52-53, 136, 144, 151, 156, 161, 171, 173, 187, 189, 273, 317

Sherman, William Tecumseh, 74

shoot-no shoot program, 257, 260, 315

Sidney, Philip, 85

Skinner, B. F., 177, 252, 253, 255, 313, 316, 340

sleep, lack of, 71-72

Slim, Field Marshal, 112, 235

smell, sense of, 74

smoothbore muskets, 10, 19

snipers, 108-09, 336, 340

• combat fixation of, 235

• training of, 254-55

• in Vietnam War, 172-73

social distance, 158, 160, 167-69, 188, 209

social learning, 303, 306, 317-22

social support structure, 264, 274-80, 293, 294, 334-35, 340-41. See also condemnation, of Vietnam veterans

• for leaders, 91

• post-traumatic stress disorder and, 283, 285, 287, 289, 345

• for World War II veterans, 286-87

sociopaths, 180, 182-83, 185, 321, 340

Soldier of Fortune magazine, 343

Somalia, 258

Somme, Battle of, 122

Soviet Union, 212, 215

spears, use of, 120-21

special forces, 61, 68, 129, 180, 257

Spiegel, H. X., 335

stabbing, 98, 336

Staff, Peter, 109-10

Stellman, Jeanne and Steven, 283, 284, 293

Stewart, Harry, 116, 336

Stockholm syndrome, 159

Stouffer, S. A., 53, 162, 344, 345

Strasser, Peter, 164

Strategic Bombing Survey, U.S., 80

stress, combat, 36, 44-45, 48, 61-62, 66, 76

• aggression and, 77

• exhaustion and, 70

• fear as factor in, 52, 53

• psychiatric casualties caused by, 95

• training for, 68, 81-82

• in Vietnam War, 271

Stuart-Smyth, Alan, 146, 217-21

sublimation, 324-25

submarine crews, 108

submission, 5—6, 15, 21-25, 71

suicides, 78, 150

• of leaders, 148

• mass, 150

• murder-suicides, 241-43

• of Vietnam veterans, 290, 345

Summers, Harry, 258

superego, 37

surrender, 147-48, 150, 174, 175-76, 199-201

sustained combat. See continuous combat

Swank, R. L., 43-44, 61, 180, 181, 184, 189, 235

swords, use of, 121

sympathetic nervous system, 70

tank fire, 108

target attractiveness, model of, 171, 295, 341

taste, sense of, 74

Taylor, James, 200

technological advantages, 172

technological distance, 169-70

teenagers, in Vietnam War, 264-65, 287

television, violence in, 261, 302, 308-11, 325-30, 347

terrorism, 207-08, 225

Thanatos (death instinct), 37, 332

thermal-imagery devices, 169, 172

Thompson, Jack, 13, 234, 244

Tiananmen Square Massacre, 215

Toffler, Alvin, 316

Tokyo, bombing of, 101—02

Torah, 132, 337-39

totalitarian governments, 210, 340

touch, sense of, 74

training, 18. See also conditioning

• of assassins, 306-07

• basic, 190, 317

• bayonet, 190

• Civil War, 20

• denial defense mechanisms, 255-56

• desensitization, 251-52

• for exhaustion, 67-68

• posturing, effect on, 13

• on prisoner treatment, 199, 203-04

• simulators, 177-78

• for stress, 68, 81-82

trauma, psychological, 36, 86, 89, 343. See also psychiatric casualties

• amount of resistance and, 191

• of atrocities, 222-26

• of close-range killing, 115-16

• in daily lives, 76-78

• edged-weapons use and, 122, 124

• of executions, 201

• of guerrilla warfare, 198

• of hand-grenade killing, 112-13

• maximum-range killing and, 108

• of midrange killing, 112

• of nonkillers, 90, 233, 259-60

• training for, 68

Trochu, General, 122

Truby, D. J., 109, 174

Truman, Harry S., 242-43

Uhernik, Nick, 266

United Nations, 167, 174, 217

Vagts, Alfred, 33-34, 164-65

veterans. See also post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

• condemnation of. See condemnation, of Vietnam veterans

• cooldown period for, 271-73, 285-86, 293

• readjustment to civilian life of, 260, 291-92, 344, 345-46

Veterans Administration, 96

Vicksburg battle, 11

victims. See also specific victims, e.g., children

• in movies, 321