Dave Grossman - On Killing

evacuation syndrome, 48-49

executions, 128, 191-92, 201-02

• defined, 201

• mass, 208-10

• of prisoners, 201, 209, 216

• refusal to participate in, 224, 225-26

• resistance to killing and, 209

• of surrendering soldiers, 199-202

exhaustion

• combat, 44, 51, 54, 67-73, 94

• emotional, 83-85, 94

• in Nazi death camps, 78

• in training, 67-68

• Well of Fortitude and, 83-86

exhilaration, of killing, 111-12, 115, 231, 234-36, 241, 242, 243-45

expectancy of return to combat, 49, 269

Falklands War, 13, 126, 136, 178, 256, 257-58, 273, 293

families, dissolution of, 322, 323

fatigue cases, 45

fear, 30, 51-66

• of atrocities, 207

• by civilian victims, 54-57, 65

• of death and injury, 52-54

• of facing aggression, 76-78

• fortitude to face, 83

• of medical personnel, 62-64

• of naval personnel, 58-59, 65

• of not supporting comrades, 53, 90

• of officers, 64-65

• patrols behind enemy lines and, 60-62, 65

• of prisoners of war, 57-58, 65

fearlessness, 84

Fergusson, General, 94

fighter pilots. See pilots

fight-or-flight dichotomy, 5-9, 21, 69, 71, 94

firing, ineffective, 9-15. See also nonfirers

firing rates. See also hit rates, of soldiers; kill rates

• Korean War. See Korean War

• training to increase, 35, 177-78, 189, 334

• Vietnam War. See Vietnam War

• World War II. See World War II

firing squads, 191-92, 224, 225, 343

fixation, 343

• on killing, 233, 234-36, 344

• on not killing, 233

flight, 5-9, 21, 57

• back stabbing during, 127-29, 173

• from bayonets, 122, 125-27

• exhaustion and, 69, 71, 94

food deprivation, 69, 72, 94

forebrain, 8

fortitude, 51, 83-86

• depression and, 84-85

• individuals and, 83-84

• replenishment of, 85

• units, depletion in, 85-86

forward treatment, 49, 269

Foster, John, 237

4-F, classification as, 43

Fowler, Bob, 179

Frank, Jerome, 25

Frankl, Victor, 78, 335

fraternization with enemy, 158-60

Frederick the Great, 17

Freeman, John Barry, 146

French Dahomey expedition, 175

Freud, Sigmund, 31, 32, 37, 142, 324, 337

Fromm, Erich, 160

Fussell, Paul, 80, 104

Gabriel, Richard, 12, 21, 30, 41, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49, 57-58, 94, 149, 272, 276-77,

333, 334, 345

gain through illness theory, 56-57, 59, 61

gang leaders, 145, 210, 303

gangs, behavior of, 6-7, 211, 303, 321, 342

Ganzer syndrome, 45-46

gas, use of, 95, 331

Gavin, James, 174

Geneva conventions, 203, 204, 263

Gettysburg, Battle of, 21-22, 24, 25

GI Bill, 287

Goodwin, Jim, 268, 276, 286

Graham, Douglas, 12

Grant, Robert, 63

Grant, Ulysses S., 25

Graves, Jim, 208

Gray, J. Glenn, 17, 33, 38, 96, 97,105, 107, 137, 194, 223, 225, 227

Greek military forces, 145-46

Greene, Bob, 276, 278, 279

Grenada conflict, 273

Griffith, Paddy, 7, 10, 20, 21, 24, 118, 126, 127, 184, 333, 344

group, role of, 149-51, 263-64, 268-70, 293, 334, 340. See also peer pressure

group absolution, 108, 109, 110, 149-55, 187-88, 209, 341. See also responsibility, diffusion of

• anonymity and, 151-53

• in atrocities, 224-25

guerrilla warfare, 163, 194, 196-99

guilt, 51, 53, 54, 87-89, 111, 112,115, 231, 235, 236-37, 289, 343

• ability to kill without, 180

• for atrocities, 223

• for comrades’ deaths, 75

• condemnation and, 279

• for enemy deaths, 75

• exhilaration and, 243-45

• fortitude to face, 83

• of leaders, 90-91, 147-48

• of mass murders, 209

• murder-suicides, 241

• of nations, 242

• of nonkillers, 89-91, 260

• psychologists’ inadequate response to, 96, 293

Gulf War, 169, 242, 273, 293, 342, 344

gunpowder, 9, 154

guns. See also specific guns, e.g., muskets

• role in American violence, 303-04, 347

• sex-aggression linkage, 135

Hadley, Arthur, 271

hallucinations, 67-68, 71

Hamburg, bombing of, 100-01, 104-05

hand-grenade killing, 112-13

hand-to-hand combat, 98, 131-33, 337

Harris, Bob, 68

Hartmann, Erich, 181-82

Harvey, J. Douglas, 104

hate, 51, 54, 80-81, 126. See also Wind of Hate

• in daily lives, 76-78

• fortitude to face, 82, 83

• in Nazi death camps, 78-79

Hathcock, Carlos, 254

hearing, sense of, 74

Heckler, Richard, 5, 100, 137, 184, 241, 299, 330, 331

Heinlein, Robert, 3

helmets, 174

heroism, 83

Hiroshima, bombing of, 102, 105, 108

Hider, Adolf, 161

hit rates, of soldiers, 10—12. See also firing rates; kill rates

• Civil War, 19, 24-25, 25-27

Hobbes, Thomas, 324

Holmes, Richard, 10, 11-12, 38, 71, 75, 84, 87, 88, 94-95, 108, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 118, 123, 125, 130, 136, 160, 165, 169, 170, 175, 178, 186, 195, 199-200, 223, 232, 235, 252, 256, 258, 282, 333, 344

homelessness, of Vietnam veterans, 290

honors, value of, 91, 263, 264

Horowitz, David, 212

horror, of combat, 31, 51, 54, 74-75, 83, 94-95, 290

hostile intent, in war, 105-06

hostility. See aggression

hypertension, emotional, 47

hysteria, 46-47, 47

id, 37

illness, gain through. See gain through illness theory

imprisonment rates, American, 299-301

ineffective firing, 9-15

intent, in war, 105-06

intentional miss, 9-15

Israeli military forces, 43, 52, 175, 273

Itzin, Catherine, 325

Japan, treatment of Chinese prisoners by, 209

Jenkins, Simon, 327

John, Dr., 15

Jordan, Bill, 256

Jung, Carl, 184

Junger, Ernst, 200

karate, 131-32, 337

Kathman, Michael, 2, 155

Keegan, John, 10, 87, 88, 113, 114, 115, 118, 122, 130, 223, 344

Keen, Sam, 12

Keenan, George, 83

Kent, J. A., 234

killing

• empowerment by, 208-10

• murder-suicides, 241-43

• obsession with, 233, 234-36

• societal fascination with, 3

killing, burden of, 87-93, 95

killing, enabling of, 187

• American violence and, 303-05

• conditioning, effect of. See conditioning

• distance as factor in. See distance, effect of

• groups, effect of, 149-55

• leadership, effect of, 143-46

• in media, 328, 331

• peer pressure effect on. See peer pressure

• recent loss, effect of, 179, 189

• target attractiveness, model of, 171, 189

killing, in combat, 2,3-4,30-31,32-34,66

• distance, effect of. See distance, effect of

• means and opportunity, 171-73, 189

• model of, 341-42

• motive for, 171, 173-76, 189

• murder distinguished from, 195

• of noble enemy, 195-96

• predisposition to, 124, 176-85, 187, 189, 340, 341, 342

• to preserve freedom, 226-27

• social stigma of enjoying, 236

• stages of emotional response to, 111-12

killing, resistance to, 1-4, 29-30, 36, 37-39, 59-60, 87, 334

• American violence and, 304

• bayoneting, 122, 123

• in Civil War, 22, 24, 25, 27

• at close range, 118-19, 131, 132-33

• in executions, 209

• factors affecting, 186-92