Agnia Grigas - Beyond Crimea

Russian speakers, 181–82

soft power, 189–91

Lad political party, 194, 203,

Latgale, 3, 158–59, 161, 167, 170

Latvia, 23, 50, 58, 63, 170, 245, 255

annexation threat, 166

compatriot policies, 158–60

history of, 66, 136–40

humanitarian policies, 151–54

information warfare, 162–66

passportization, 40–41, 43, 60, 71–72, 159

provocations, 169

and Russian interests, 145–48

Russian speakers, 140–42

soft power, 148–51

Lavrov, Sergey, 54, 91, 123, 130

Lenin, Vladimir I., 13, 59, 62, 203

Limonov, Eduard, 207

liquefied natural gas (LNG), 20

terminal, 151, 161

Lithuania, 23, 63, 170, 245–46, 255–56

annexation threat, 167

compatriot policies, 160–62

history of, 66, 136–40

humanitarian policies, 151–54

information warfare, 162–66

provocations, 168–69

and Russian interests, 145–48

Russian speakers, 143–44

soft power, 148–51

Lucas, Edward, 8

Luhansk, 55, 101, 110, 123, 128–29, 131–33, 242, 244

People’s Republic, 40, 95, 128, 253

Lukarco, 191

Lukashenko, Alexander, 211, 213, 224–26, 229, 233–34, 236–38, 249

Luzhkov, Yuri, 38

Manas air base, 176, 203

Medvedev, Dmitry, 21, 39, 41, 52–53, 80, 87–88, 90, 148, 193

Menendez, Robert, 8

MH 17, 22, 128

Moldova, 10, 17, 19, 94–98, 134–35, 175, 242–44, 255

annexation threat, 133

compatriot policies, 117–18

history of, 99–100

humanitarian policies, 115–16

information warfare, 124

passportization, 42–43, 121–22

protection, 131–32

and Russian interests, 106–7

Russian speakers, 104–5

soft power, 112–13

Molotov-Ribentrop Pact, 31, 49

Moscow City Council, 38

Motyl, Alexander, 6, 8, 12–13, 15

Nagorno-Karabakh, 211, 214–15, 221, 227, 231, 234–35, 238–39, 248

Narva, 144, 157–59, 167, 170, 230, 245

NATO, 17–18, 48, 56, 106, 123–24, 135, 184, 244, 246

and Armenia, 221

and Baltic States, 17, 22, 56, 136–38, 141, 145–48, 151–52, 167–70, 224, 242

Cooperative Cyber Defense Centre of Excellence, 165

and Crimea, 22

enlargement, 6–8, 15, 107, 110, 251, 254

and Georgia, 114–15, 130

and Kazakhstan, 209

and Moldova, 94, 107

Partnership for Peace, 17, 185

and Turkey, 239

and Turkmenistan, 176

and Ukraine, 110, 133

Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 73, 172, 174–75, 186, 188, 190–91, 194, 199, 204–6, 208–9, 247, 249

“new Cold War,” 8, 21, 241–42

Nikonov, Vyacheslav, 31–32

Niyazov, Saparmurat, 176, 196, 198, 204

northern Kazakhstan, 3, 8, 42, 207–9

North Stream pipeline, 223

Novinsky, Vadim, 112

Nozhenko, Maria, 83–84

Nye, Joseph, 29

Obama, Barack, 8

Olekas, Juozas, 168

Orthodox Christian, 17, 31–32, 40, 64, 93, 98, 214

Orthodox Church. See Russian Orthodox Church

Pain, Emil, 8

passportization, 9–10, 23, 27–28, 33, 38, 41–44, 53, 72, 83, 89, 243, 245, 247, 249, 255

in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, 119–20

in Armenia, 231–33

in Belarus, 230

in Crimea, 120–21

in Estonia, 156–58

in Kazakhstan, 198–200

in Kyrgyzstan, 198

in Latvia, 159

in Tajikistan, 198

in Transnistria, 121–22

in Turkmenistan, 198–99

Patriarch Kirill I, 32, 112, 190

Patrushev, Nikolai, 15

peacekeeping, 9, 33, 36, 55

in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, 115–16, 125, 130, 192

in Kosovo, 221

in Kyrgyzstan, 192

in Tajikistan, 192–93, 198

in Transnistria, 115–16, 131

in Ukraine, 116

Peter the Great, 5, 12, 146–47

Pilkington, Hilary, 70

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 146, 212

Polish minority in Lithuania, 161–62

propaganda. See Russian propaganda

Putin, Vladimir, 1, 6, 18–19, 28, 35, 54, 94, 130, 136, 188, 243, 250–51

and Armenia, 220, 228

and Baltic States, 150, 155, 158, 163, 167

and Belarus, 224, 226

and Central Asian countries, 173, 205

and compatriot policies, 16, 37–38, 57, 64, 69, 75–80, 83–84, 86–88, 91–93

and Georgia, 6, 98, 117, 119, 125

and imperialism, 4, 7, 9, 14–15, 21–22, 25–26

and information warfare, 46–50

and Kazakhstan, 185, 188

and Moldova, 132

and passportization, 42

and protection, 52

and soft power, 31–32

and Turkmenistan, 198–99

and Ukraine, 102, 108, 110, 118, 127, 129

Rahmon, Emomali, 177, 209

Reagan, Ronald, 13, 59

reimperialization. See Russian reimperialization policy trajectory

resettlement program, 197, 231–32

responsibility to protect, 130

Riga, 137, 158, 236

Rogozin, Dmitry, 46–47

Romania, 59, 108–9, 131

Romanian language, 99

Romanov, Vladimir, 150

Romanov Empire, 4–5, 12, 14, 26, 108

Rosatomprom, 185–86

Rossotrudnichestvo. See International Humanitarian Cooperation

RusAl, 191

Rus’ patriotic movement, 206

Russia House, 27, 39, 84

Russian Citizenship Law, 43, 119

Russian culture, 29–31, 49, 62, 65, 80, 87, 90

in Armenia, 216

in Baltic States, 149–50

in Belarus, 213, 215

in Kazakhstan, 205

in Kyrgyzstan, 195, 201

Russian diaspora. See Russian minorities

Russian Empire, 4–5, 12, 99–101, 106, 146, 174, 212, 250

Russian gas exports, 19, 109

Russian language, 2, 79–80, 86

in Armenia, 216, 227

in Baltic states, 155, 163, 165, 255

in Belarus, 225

Federal Target Program, 79, 87

in Georgia, 116

in Kazakhstan, 189–90

in Moldova, 117

in Ukraine, 122

Russian media, 30, 45, 48, 86, 111–12, 122–24, 163, 165, 201–3, 218, 233, 255

Russian minorities, 37, 245, 252

in Armenia, 211, 215–16

in Belarus, 215

in Estonia, 138

in Georgia, 98–99

in Kazakhstan, 178

in Kyrgyzstan, 178

in Latvia, 138

in Lithuania, 161

in Moldova, 99–100

in Tajikistan, 178

in Turkmenistan, 178

in Ukraine, 100–101

in Uzbekistan, 178

Russian National Security Concept, 44, 76, 78, 88, 91

Russian Orthodox Church, 149, 159, 190, 225, 227, 254

Russian propaganda, 36, 44–49, 53, 85, 145, 243, 255–56

in Armenia, 235

in Baltic States, 162–66

in Belarus, 219, 233, 236

in Georgia, 124, 129

in Kazakhstan, 208

in Kyrgyzstan, 201, 203

in Moldova, 124

special propaganda, 45–46

in Ukraine 39, 123, 128

Russian reimperialization policy trajectory, 9–12, 26, 56, 172, 242

Russian Senate, 9

Russian soft power, 9–10, 26–27, 29–33, 37, 43, 60–61, 84, 87, 240, 254

in Armenia, 226–29

in Belarus, 225–26, 238

in Estonia, 148–51

in Georgia, 113–15

in Kazakhstan, 189, 191–92

in Kyrgyzstan, 189–91

in Latvia, 148–51

in Lithuania, 148–51

in Moldova, 112–13

in Tajikistan, 189

in Turkmenistan, 189–90

in Ukraine, 111–12

in Uzbekistan, 189–90

Russian World, 52, 155, 195

Russia’s Foreign Policy Concept of 2000, 61, 87

Russification, 61

in Armenia, 214

in Baltic states, 138, 146, 161

in Belarus, 212–13, 225, 230, 248

in Central Asia, 178

in Moldova, 99–100

in Soviet Union, 5

in Tsarist Russia, 5

in Ukraine, 100–101

Russkiy Dom. See Russia House

Russkiy Mir. See Russian World

Russkiy Mir Foundation, 27, 31–32, 39, 49, 84, 148–49, 154, 160, 194–95, 203, 227, 229