Agnia Grigas - Beyond Crimea

Russo-Georgian war, 3, 15, 21, 28, 47, 51–53, 84, 88, 93, 98, 117, 130, 199, 242

Russo-Ukrainian war, 88, 127–29

Saakashvili, Mikheil, 90, 130

Sargsyan, Serzh, 228

Sargsyan, Tigran, 231–32

Savisaar, Edgar, 156

Second World War, 35, 45, 50, 58, 62, 84, 112, 137, 163, 226

separatism, 27, 42, 56, 253

in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, 95, 119

in Armenia, 234

in Crimea, 6, 111

in Estonia, 169

in Gaugazia, 100, 131–32

in Kazakhstan, 10, 195, 206–10

in Latvia, 159

in Transnistria, 121

in Ukraine, 39, 54, 73, 102, 110, 238

Serbia, 59

Sevastopol, 110, 120–21, 126–27, 193, 236

shale gas, 109

Shevel, Oxana, 90

Snyder, Timothy, 62

soft power, 255

definition of, 29. See also Russian soft power

Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 188

South Ossetia, 28, 42, 52, 98, 107, 134, 244, 252, 254

compatriot policies, 88, 116

information warfare, 124–25

passportization, 43, 83, 120

peacekeeping in, 115, 130

protection, 131

soft power, 113

Soviet Comintern, 40

Soviet empire, 5, 14, 60, 62, 97, 251

Soviet occupation, 49, 137, 146, 152, 162–63

Soviet troops, 6

in Baltic States, 66, 152

in Moldova, 97, 126, 131, 242

in Nagorno-Karabakh, 214

in Tajikistan, 186

Soviet Union, 8, 14–15, 30

and Armenia, 214

and Baltic States, 148, 163, 168

and Belarus, 230

and compatriot policies, 2, 41, 43, 53, 57–58, 60–65, 74, 77–78, 83–86, 89, 93

empire, 4, 12, 26, 60, 106, 108

and Kazakhstan, 174, 192

and Transnistria, 99, 121

Soyuz camps, 155, 196, 209

spetspropaganda. See Russian propaganda: special propaganda

Stalin, Joseph, 16, 31, 59

ethnic policies of, 5, 22, 61–63, 74, 76, 99, 101

Stalinism, 49–50, 100

Stankevich, Sergei, 66–69

strategiceskaja maskirovka. See strategic masking

strategic masking, 46

Tajik civil war (1992–97), 186, 192, 198

Tajikistan, 23, 172, 208–10, 221, 247

compatriot policies, 193, 196–98

history of, 176–78

humanitarian policies, 192–93

information warfare, 202

passportization, 41, 73, 198

protection, 206

and Russian interests, 185–86, 188

Russian speakers, 182–83

soft power, 189

Tengizchevroil, 191

Tengiz oil field, 191

Tolz, Vera, 63–64

Tomaševski, Valdemar, 162

Transneft, 187, 191

Transnistria, 6, 53, 95, 97, 99, 106, 110, 133, 242, 244

compatriot policies, 98, 117

humanitarian policies, 115

passportization, 43, 121–22

protection, 131–32

and Russian interests, 113

soft power, 124

Treisman, Daniel, 14

Trenin, Dmitri, 7

Tsarist Russia, 3, 5, 13–14, 98, 213, 250–51

Turkey, 20, 188, 239

and Armenia, 211–12, 215, 220–21, 238

Turkmenistan, 20, 23, 45, 73, 172, 208–9, 243, 246, 248, 250, 253

compatriot policies, 196

history of, 176

information warfare, 200–202

passportization, 198–99

protection, 206

and Russian interests, 187–88

Russian speakers, 180–81

soft power, 189–90

201st Motorized Rifle Division, 186, 193

Ukraine, 10, 19–20, 22, 28, 47, 52, 134–35, 238, 241–45

annexation, 132–33

compatriot policies, 9, 118–19

history of, 6, 15, 62, 100–101

humanitarian policies, 115–16

information warfare, 122–24

passportization, 120–21

protection, 126–29

and Russian interests, 108–10

Russian speakers, 102–3

and separatism, 54, 73, 102, 110, 238

soft power, 111–12

United Nations, 35–36, 153

United States, 6, 8, 20, 36, 169, 170, 175–76, 254–55

and Armenia, 222, 224, 228, 235, 239

and Kyrgyzstan, 185, 203

and Turkmenistan, 176

and Uzbekistan, 175

Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod gas pipeline, 109

Ušakovs, Nils, 158

Uzbekistan, 20, 23, 60, 70, 172, 208–9, 246, 248

compatriot policies, 196–97

history of, 101, 174–75

humanitarian policies, 192

information warfare, 200, 202

protection, 206

and Russian interests, 186–88

Russian speakers, 183–84

soft power, 189–90

Vilnius, 138, 160–61, 165

Visaginas, 161, 167

VTB United basketball league, 150

Warsaw Pact States, 6, 14, 224

World Congress of Russian Compatriots, 40, 86, 91, 118

World Coordination Council of Russian Compatriots, 86

Yastrzhembsky, Sergey, 163

Yeltsin, Boris, 6, 25, 64–69, 71–73, 76, 93, 152–53, 162, 193, 205

Zhirinovsky, Vladimir, 7, 205, 207

Ziegler, Charles, 64

Published with assistance from the Mary Cady Tew Memorial Fund.

Copyright © 2016 by Agnia Grigas.

All rights reserved.

This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers.

Yale University Press books may be purchased in quantity for educational, business, or promotional use. For information, please e-mail sales.press@yale.edu(U.S. office) or sales@yaleup.co.uk(U.K. office).

Set in Scala and Scala Sans type by Westchester Publishing Services, Danbury, Connecticut.

Printed in the United States of America.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2015944595

ISBN 978-0-300-21450-5 (cloth : alk. paper)

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper).

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1