Agnia Grigas - Beyond Crimea

“color” revolutions, 19, 95, 224

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 15, 19–20, 31, 38, 41, 69, 71, 79, 87–88, 106, 115, 152, 184, 173, 196, 221

Collective Peacekeeping Force, 192

compatriot policies, 92–93

in Belarus, 229

definition of, 57–60

in Estonia, 154–56

in Georgia, 116–17

and identification (ID) cards, 74, 89

in Kazakhstan, 193–95, 197–98

in Kyrgyzstan, 195–96, 198

in Latvia, 158–60

in Lithuania, 160–62

in Moldova, 117–18

under Putin, 75–92

in Tajikistan, 193, 196–98

in Turkmenistan, 196

in Ukraine, 118–19

in Uzbekistan, 196–97

under Yeltsin, 65–75

Congress of Russian Communities, 43, 118

Cossacks community, 40, 111, 195, 202, 205, 207

Crimea, 1, 19, 34, 39, 43, 73, 98, 132, 241, 244

annexation ( see annexation, of Crimea)

history of, 6, 53, 101

passportization, 120–21

soft power, 111–12

Crimean Tatars, 62–63, 101, 195–96

Khanate, 94, 101, 188

Croatia, 59, 109

cyber attacks, 47, 55, 124

in Estonia, 164

in Georgia, 125

against NATO, 123

in Ukraine, 123

Daugavpils, 159

Dauletabad-Khangiran pipeline, 187

d’Encausse, Hélène Carrère, 13

distributed denial of service (DDoS), 48, 126

Donbas, 39, 54, 101

Donetsk, 35, 101, 109–10, 116, 123, 128, 132, 242

People’s Republic, 54, 95, 118, 128, 244, 253

Doyle, Michael, 12, 18

Druzhba pipeline, 109

dual citizenship, 41, 67, 72, 77, 92–93

in Armenia, 231–33

in Belarus, 230

in Kazakhstan, 199–200, 205

in Tajikistan, 41, 73, 198, 208

in Turkmenistan, 73, 198

in Ukraine, 121

Dugin, Alexander, 126, 207

Dyukov, Alexander, 49–50

eastern Kazakhstan, 194, 203

eastern Ukraine, 21, 34, 39, 52, 54, 92, 95, 98, 101, 109–10, 116, 127–28, 166, 170, 233, 241

empire, 4, 7–8, 108, 218, 241

definition of, 12–16. See also Romanov Empire, Russian Empire, Soviet empire, Tsarist Russia

Estonia, 23, 28, 32, 63, 170, 198, 230, 245–46, 255

compatriot policies, 85, 154–56

ethnic nationality, 74

history of, 66, 136–40

humanitarian policies, 151–54

information warfare, 48, 164–66

passportization, 40–41, 43, 60, 71–72, 156–58

provocation, 167–69

and Russian interests, 145–48

Russian speakers, 142–44

soft power, 148–51

Eurasian Customs Union, 18–19, 111

Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), 18–19, 104, 184, 187

and Armenia, 234–36, 228, 239, 249

and Belarus, 108, 223, 236–37

and Georgia, 114, 134

and Kazakhstan, 108, 186, 192, 200, 202

and Kyrgyzstan, 186, 201–2

and Moldova, 118, 124, 131

and Ukraine, 108, 111

Eurasian Youth Union, 207

European Commission, 20

European Union (EU), 6, 50, 106, 111, 157, 255

and Armenia, 222, 228–29, 234–35, 240, 248–49

and Baltic States, 23, 56, 136, 138, 145, 147–48, 151–53, 224, 242, 246

and Belarus, 238

Eastern Partnership, 95

and Georgia, 244

and Lithuania, 147, 149

and Moldova, 94, 244, 106, 131

and Russia, 7–8, 15, 18–20, 36, 56, 244, 251, 254

Third Energy Package, 20

and Ukraine, 109, 133, 166, 235

fascism, 35, 50–51, 103, 122, 163, 219

Federal Agency for the Commonwealth of Independent States, Compatriots Living abroad and International Humanitarian Cooperation, 38, 88

Federal Migration Service, 43, 197

Foundation for Supporting and Protecting the Rights of Compatriots Living Abroad, 39, 90–91

frozen conflict zones, 11, 24, 55–56, 135, 242, 244, 247, 253, 255–56

in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, 55, 95, 102, 107, 134, 242, 252

in Luhansk and Donetsk, 135, 242, 244, 253

in Nagorno-Karabakh, 218, 248

in Transnistria, 55, 95, 102, 242, 252

Fukuyama, Francis, 6

Gagauzia, 3, 23, 100, 104, 118, 131

Galtung, Johan, 8

Gazprom, 20, 109, 113, 151, 222–23, 228

Georgia, 8, 10, 20, 33, 88, 94–98, 134, 175, 239, 244, 251, 253, 255

annexation threat, 133–34

compatriot policies, 116–17

history of, 98–99

humanitarian policies, 115–16

information warfare, 48, 124–26

passportization, 42–43, 83, 119–20

protection, 129–31

and Russian interests, 15, 17, 107–8

Russian speakers, 105–6

soft power, 113–15

Gerasimov, Valery, 54–55, 115

Glazyev, Sergey, 228

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 31, 73, 133, 167

Grand Duchy of Moscow (Muscovy), 5, 100

Gromov, Boris, 205

Grybauskaitė, Dalia, 166

Gryzlov, Boris, 220

Gulag, 62, 85

Gunkin, Nikolai, 202

Gyumri, 3, 216, 221, 232, 239

murder at, 240, 249

hackers, 47–48, 123–26

Harmony Centre party, 158

Hilferding, Rudolf, 13

historical revisionism, 49–50, 241

Hobson, John A., 13

House of Moscow, 150

humanitarian aid, 115, 192, 198, 255

humanitarian intervention, 193

humanitarian policy, 9–10, 26, 33–36, 51, 114, 254

in Belarus, 229

in Estonia, 151–54

in Georgia, 115–16

in Kazakhstan, 192

in Kyrgyzstan, 192–93

in Latvia, 151–54

in Lithuania, 151–54

in Moldova, 115–16

in Tajikistan, 192–93

in Ukraine, 115–16

in Uzbekistan, 192

humanitarian trend in Russian foreign policy, 33, 80, 87

human rights, 33–38, 42, 50–51, 87, 153

violations of, 53, 116, 153

Hungary, 59, 109, 136

identity cards in, 59

hybrid warfare, 10, 51, 56, 256

definition of, 54–55

in Ukraine, 124, 127, 129, 166

information warfare, 26–28, 38, 44–51, 85, 245, 250, 255

in Armenia, 234–36, 248, 250

in Belarus, 233–34

in Estonia, 164–66

in Georgia, 124–26

in Kazakhstan, 201–3

in Kyrgyzstan, 200–210, 203–4

in Latvia, 162–66

in Lithuania, 162–66

in Moldova, 124

in Tajikistan, 202

in Turkmenistan, 200–202

in Ukraine, 122–24

in Uzbekistan, 200, 202

Institute for Democracy and Cooperation, 35–36

International Humanitarian Cooperation, 38, 84, 227, 229, 231

Iran, 185, 188–87, 192, 221, 247

Israel, 59

Ivanov, Sergei, 150, 211, 229

Ivan the Terrible, 12, 100

Kaliningrad, 71, 133, 146–47, 161, 167, 169, 220

Kant air base, 186

Karachaganak Oil and Gas Field, 191

Petroleum Operating Company, 191

Karaganov, Sergey, 70, 76

Karimov, Islam, 174–75, 186, 202, 209

Karshi-Khanabad (K2) air base, 186

Kazakhstan, 10, 18, 20, 23, 58, 70, 73, 172–73, 221, 223, 242, 247–48

compatriot policies, 193–95, 197–98

history of, 173–74

humanitarian policies, 192

information warfare, 201–3

passportization, 198–200

protection, 204–5

and Russian interests, 185–86, 188

Russian speakers, 179–80

separatism, 206–10

soft power, 189, 191–92

Kazatomprom, 185

Kazimirchuk, Viktor, 206

Kennan, George F., 8

Khrushchev, Nikita, 15

Kievan Rus’, 100, 108, 112

Klaipėda, 151, 161, 167

Kocharian, Shavarsh, 232

Korchmar, Vasily, 232

Korpezhe-Kurt Kuri pipeline, 187

Kosachyov, Konstantin, 88

Kovalenko, Vyacheslav, 211, 228, 235

Kozyrev, Andrey, 25, 72, 163, 205

Kyrgyzstan, 18–19, 45, 70, 172, 208, 210, 221, 247, 250

compatriot policies, 195–96, 198

history of, 175

humanitarian policies, 192–93

information warfare, 200–210, 203–4

passportization, 41, 198

protection, 206

and Russian interests, 184–86, 188