Agnia Grigas - Beyond Crimea

195. Olcott, Kazakhstan: Unfulfilled Promise , pp. 186–87; Bhavna Dave, Kazakhstan: Ethnicity, Language and Power (London: Routledge, 2007).

Epigraphs: Interview with Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , cited in Robin Sheperd, “The United States and Europe’s Last Dictatorship,” in Prospects for Democracy in Belarus , ed. Joerg Forbrig et al. (Washington: GMF, 2006), p. 74; Emil Danielyan, “Ex–Russian Envoy Warns Armenia Over European Integration Drive,” Azatutyun.am, 8 July 2013, http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/25040228.html.

1. Pyotr Kravchenko, Belarus na Rasputiye, ili Pravda o belovezhskom soglashenii: Zapiski diplomata i politika (Moscow: Vremiya, 2006), pp. 297, 305.

2. Laure Delcour, “Faithful But Constrained? Armenia’s Half-Hearted Support for Russia’s Regional Integration Policies in the Post-Soviet Space,” London School of Economics Ideas: Geopolitics of Eurasian Integration, 2014, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2460335.

3. Interview with Vytis Jurkonis, 13 December 2014, Vilnius, Lithuania.

4. Andrew Wilson, Belarus: The Last European Dictatorship (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011), p. 51; Jovita Pranevičiūtė-Neliupšienė et al., Belarusian Regime Longevity: Happily Ever After (Vilnius: Vilnius University Press, 2014), p. 67.

5. Vytis Jurkonis, “Fate and Role of the Belarusian Language” in Pranevičiūtė-Neliupšienė et al., Belarusian Regime Longevity , pp. 81–84.

6. Kathleen J. Mihalisko, “Belarus: Retreat to Authoritarianism,” in Democratic Changes and Authoritarian Reactions in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova , ed. Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 233.

7. Jurkonis interview.

8. Valiancin Akudovič, Nesaties kodas (Vilnius: Versus Aureus, 2008).

9. Alexander Lukashenko, State of the Nation Address to the Belarusian people and the National Assembly, 22 April 2014, http://president.gov.by/en/news_en/view/alexander-lukashenko-to-deliver-state-of-the-nation-address-on-22-april-8550/.

10. More information at http://budzma.by.

11. Interview with Roman Yakovlevsky, January 2015, Minsk, Belarus.

12. Interview with Hovhannes Nikoghosyan, 10 December 2014, Yerevan, Armenia.

13. Rossiyskiy tsentr nauki i kultury v Yerevane, “Armyano-rossiyskiye otnosheniya,” http://arm.rs.gov.ru/node/406.

14. Ohannes Geukjian, Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in the South Caucasus: Nagorno-Karabakh and the Legacy of Soviet Nationalities Policy (Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2012).

15. Thomas de Waal, Black Garden (New York: New York University Press, 2003), pp. 116–18.

16. Ibid, p. 162.

17. Nikoghosyan interview.

18. Peter Pry, War Scare: Russia and America on the Nuclear Brink (Westport: Greenwood, 1999), pp. 122–25.

19. “Dogovor mezhdu Rossiyskoy Federatsiyey i Respublikoy Armeniya o rossiyskoy voyennoy baze na territorii Respubliki Armeniya,” 16 March 1995, http://docs.cntd.ru/document/901933348.

20. Interview with Emil Sanamyan, January 2015, Washington, DC.

21. De Waal, Black Garden , p. 202.

22. Thomas de Waal, The Caucasus: An Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 116.

23. National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus, Population Census 2009, http://belstat.gov.by/en/perepis-naseleniya/perepis-naseleniya-2009-goda/.

24. Oleg Manaev, ed., The Future of Belarus: The Perspective of Independent Experts (St. Petersburg: Nevskii prostor, 2012), p. 36.

25. National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia, 2011 Armenian Nationwide Census, http://armstat.am/file/doc/99478358.pdf.

26. Interview with Artyom, November 2014, Yerevan, Armenia.

27. Interview with Araxya, November 2014, Yerevan, Armenia.

28. Interview with Valentina, November 2014, Yerevan, Armenia.

29. Interview with Kristina, November 2014, Yerevan, Armenia.

30. Interview with Ivan, December 2014, Minsk, Belarus.

31. See more at Zapadnaya Rus’, http://zapadrus.su/.

32. Interview with Nastya, December 2014, Minsk, Belarus.

33. Vatniki is a derogatory term used to denote Russian patriots. In the original meaning, it is a quilted jacket, but since 2012 it has been used on the Russian-speaking internet to symbolize Russian rednecks.

34. Interview with Pavel Usov, January 2015, Minsk, Belarus.

35. Interview with Tatsiana, December 2014, Minsk, Belarus.

36. Interview with Olga, December 2014, Minsk, Belarus.

37. Jurkonis interview.

38. “Boris Gryzlov: Armeniya yavlyayetsya forpostom Rossii na Yuzhnom Kavkaze,” Regnum, 15 December 2004, http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/376296.html.

39. “Armenian, Russian Presidents Sign New Cooperation Agreement,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 27 September 2000, http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1142248.html.

40. “Russia Extends Lease on Military Base in Armenia Through 2044,” Sputnik International, 20 August 2010, http://sputniknews.com/military/20100820/160276128.html.

41. Delcour, “Faithful But Constrained?”

42. Anna Dolgov, “Russian Activists Ask Putin to Send Troops Into Armenia,” Moscow Times , 19 January 2015, http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/russian-activists-ask-putin-to-send-troops-into-armenia-/514546.html.

43. Emil Sanamyan, “Gruesome Killings Threaten Russian-Armenian Rapport,” Jane’s Defence Weekly , 4 February 2015.

44. Sergey Markedonov, “Russia and Armenia in the South Caucasus Security Context: Basic Trends and Hidden Contradictions,” in Armenia’s Foreign And Domestic Politics: Development Trends , ed. Mikko Palonkorpi and Alexander Iskandaryan (Yerevan: Caucasus Institute and Aleksanteri Institute, 2013), p. 30.

45. Sargis Arutyunyan, “V sluchaye napadeniya Azerbaidzhana na Karabakh ‘v konflikt mozhet byt vovlechena’ rossiyskaya baza v Armenii,” Azatutyun.am, 31 October 2013, http://rus.azatutyun.am/content/article/25153651.html.

46. Vadim Dubnov, “Kak polkovnik Ruzinskiy possoril Rossiyu i Azerbaidzhan,” RIANovosti, 7 November 2013, http://ria.ru/analytics/20131107/975370885.html.

47. “Rusakan razmabazayi tsaxseri kesy Hayastani aghqatik byujei userin e,” azatutyun.am, 6 November 2014, http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/26678066.html.

48. Heritage Foundation, 2014 Index of Economic Freedom: Armenia, http://www.heritage.org/index/country/armenia.

49. Sergey Minasyan, “Russia and Armenia,” in Russian Federation 2013: Short-term Prognosis , ed. Karmo Tüür and Viacheslav Morozov (Tartu: Tartu University Press, 2013), http://www.ut.ee/ABVKeskus/sisu/prognoosid/2013/en/pdf/VF2013.pdf.

50. European Commission Directorate General for Trade, “European Union, Trade in Goods with Armenia,” http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2006/september/tradoc_113345.pdf.

51. Armen Sahakyan, “Threading the Needle: Armenia’s Policy towards the EU and the EAU,” The European Institute, April 2013, http://www.europeaninstitute.org/index.php/173-european-affairs/ea-april-2013/1722-threading-the-needle-armenias-policy-towards-the-eu-and-the-eau.

52. “Vaghe storagrvelu e ‘Guyk’ partk’i dimats’ hamadzaynagire,” azatutyun.am, 16 July 2002, http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/1569922.html; Ian McGinnity, “Selling Its Future for Short: Armenia’s Economic and Security Relations with Russia” (Senior thesis, Claremont McKenna College, 2010), pp. 7–8, http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1059&context=cmc_theses.

53. Vladimir Socor, “Armenia’s Giveaways to Russia: From Property-For-Debt to Property-For-Gas,” Eurasia Daily Monitor 3, no. 7 (19 April 2006), http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=31599.