Agnia Grigas - Beyond Crimea

183. Maria Epifanova, “Ischezayushchiye obyekty,” Novaya Gazeta , 4 August 2014, http://www.novayagazeta.ru/inquests/64688.html.

184. “Ukraine Forces Brace for Fighting with Pro-Russian Troops at ‘Second Front,’” The Guardian , 28 August 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/28/ukraine-russian-fighting-second-front-mariupol.

185. “Ukraine Crisis: Fighting in Donetsk Despite Ceasefire,” BBC News , 14 September 2014, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-29195880.

186. “Details of the Ukraine Cease-Fire Negotiated in Minsk,” New York Times , 12 February 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/13/world/europe/ukraine-cease-fire-negotiated-in-minsk.html.

187. Maksymilian Czuperski, John Herbst, et al., “Hiding in Plain Sight: Putin’s War in Ukraine,” The Atlantic Council, May 2015, https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/content_link/xFPdCHC7wA7bUFLbvZvzVDzNOZevSyp9DgImIIoB4ZDh45xXrOidJwuZK0N4dGjC.

188. “Odessity prosyat zashchitit’ ikh ot boyevikov ‘Pravogo sektora,’” Vesti.ru, 3 March 2014, http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=1343074; “Odesskie separatisty prosiat Putina o voennoi pomoshchi,” 048.ua, 13 April 2014, http://www.048.ua/article/515057.

189. “Direct Line with Vladimir Putin.”

190. “Vladimir Putin Answered Journalists’ Questions on the Situation in Ukraine,” President of Russia, 4 March 2014, http://eng.kremlin.ru/transcripts/6763.

191. Julia Ioffe, “Russia and Georgia, Three Years Later,” New Yorker , 9 August 2011, http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/russia-and-georgia-three-years-later.

192. “Interview by Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation Sergey Lavrov to BBC,” The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, 9 August 2008, http://www.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/0/F87A3FB7A7F669EBC32574A100262597.

193. Ibid; Allison, “Russia Resurgent?” p. 1152.

194. Cited in Allison, “Russia Resurgent?” p. 1153.

195. Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on the Conflict in Georgia, “Report,” p. 21; “Georgia and Russia: Clashing over Abkhazia,” International Crisis Group, 5 June 2008, http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/publication-type/media-releases/2008/europe/georgia%20and%20russia%20clashing%20over%20abkhazia.aspx.

196. Allison, “Russia Resurgent?” pp. 1152–53.

197. “Security Council Holds Third Emergency Meeting as South Ossetia Conflict Intensifies, Expands to Other Parts of Georgia,” Security Council press release, 10 August 2008, http://www.un.org/press/en/2008/sc9419.doc.htm; Vitaly Churkin’s speech in United Nations Security Council Meeting, 14 August 2008, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6TjuPz4xr4.

198. Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on the Conflict in Georgia, “Report,” p. 21.

199. Stephen Blank, “Russia and the Black Sea’s Frozen Conflicts in Strategic Perspective,” Mediterranean Quarterly 19, no. 3 (Summer 2008): 23–54.

200. Dumitru Minzarari, “The Gagauz Referendum in Moldova: A Russian Political Weapon?” The Jamestown Foundation , 5 February 2014, http://www.jamestown.org/programs/edm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=41922&cHash=8ffd794ad44b029f0b95198c743709d4#.VIkp44vq9Ro.

201. See Radu Pădure, “terorist arestat pe Aeroportul din Chişinău. Venea de la moscova!” evz.ro, 29 October 2014, http://www.evz.ro/terorist-gagauz-arestat-pe-aeroportul-din-chisinau-venea-de-la-moscova.html; “Mama unui demnitar găgăuz: Fiul meu se teme să revină în Moldova,” noi.md, 6 November 2014, http://www.noi.md/md/news_id/50586.

202. “Diversioniştii lui Formuzal condamnaţi la cinci ani de închisoare cu… suspendare,” Ştirimd, 8 March 2014, http://stirimd.net/?p=2014.

203. “Extremists Were Preparing for Violent Riots after the Elections in Moldova,” moldova.org, 27 November 2014, http://www.moldova.org/extremists-were-preparing-for-violent-riots-after-the-elections-in-moldova/.

204. “Rusia încearcă să destabilizeze situaţia din Moldova prin intermediul unor organizaţii extremiste,” publika.md , 11 November 2014, http://www.publika.md/rusia-incearca-sa-destabilizeze-situatia-din-moldova-prin-intermediul-unor-organizatii-extremiste_2150831.html.

205. “At Long Last, Ukraine Puts Formal End to Military Cooperation with Russia,” UNIAN, 26 May 2015, http://www.unian.info/politics/1081894-at-long-last-ukraine-puts-formal-end-to-military-cooperation-with-russia.html.

206. Inna Vedernikova, “Mezhdu federalizatsiei i blokadoi,” ZN,UA, 21 November 2014, http://gazeta.zn.ua/internal/mezhdu-federalizaciey-i-blokadoy-_.html.

207. “Ukaz Prezidenta Soiuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik o Merakh po Normalizatsii Obstanovki v SSR Moldova,” Sovetskaia Moldova , no. 295 (17249) (23 December 1990): 1.

208. “Anxiety Grows in Europe as Transnistria Asks for Russian Annexation,” EurActiv.com, 20 March 2014, http://www.euractiv.com/europes-east/romanian-president-fears-moldova-news-534219.

209. Ceslav Ciobanu, Frozen and Forgotten Conflicts in the Post-Soviet States: Genesis , Political Economy, and Prospects for Solution (New York: Distributed by Columbia University Press, 2009), p. 4.

210. Andrei Sinitsyn, “Russian Cash Hurts Breakaway Republics,” Moscow Times , 4 June 2014, http://www.themoscowtimes.com/opinion/article/russian-cash-hurts-breakaway-republics/501552.html.

211. “RuseTisa da afxazeTis e.w. xelSekruleba euTos mudmivi sabWos sxdomaze ganixiles,” 28 November 2014, http://news.ge/ge/news/story/114454-rusetisa-da-afkhazetis-e.ts.-khelshekruleba-eutos-mudmivi-sabchos-skhdomaze-ganikhiles; “Russia-Proposed Treaty with Abkhazia on ‘Alliance and Integration,’” Civil.ge, 13 October 2014, http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=27714.

212. “Axali etapi saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobebSi: anti-aneqsiuri strategiis Camoyalibebis aucilebloba,” interpressnews.ge, 12 November 2014, http://www.interpressnews.ge/ge/thvalsazrisi/304688-akhali-etapi-saqarthvelo-rusethis-urthierthobebshi-anti-aneqsiuri-strategiis-chamoyalibebis-aucilebloba.html; “On Crimea Anniversary, Russia Signs South Ossetia Deal,” Deutsche Welle , 18 March 2015, http://www.dw.de/on-crimea-anniversary-russia-signs-south-ossetia-deal/a-18323719.

213. “Aslan Basaria: U menya takoye ochshushcheniye, chto nad etim dogovorom rabotali lyudi, kotoriye sovershenno ne razbirayutsya v abkhazskoy spetsifike,” Nuzhnaya gazeta, 16 October 2014, http://abh-n.ru/aslan-basariya-u-menya-takoe-oshhushhenie-chto-nad-etim-dogovorom-rabotali-lyudi-kotorye-sovershenno-ne-razbirayutsya-v-abxazskoj-specifike/.

214. Interview with Elguja (Gia) Gvazava, 13 December 2014, Tbilisi, Georgia.

Epigraph: “Putin Calmed the Baltic States: We Will Not Bring In Military Forces,” Lithuania Tribune , 6 January 2014, http://www.lithuaniatribune.com/60283/putin-calmed-the-baltic-states-we-will-not-bring-in-military-forces-201460283/.

1. Agnia Grigas, The Politics of Energy and Memory between the Baltic States and Russia (Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2013); Jānis Sapiets, “The Baltic Republics,” in The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe , ed. George Schöpflin (New York: Facts on File, 1986), p. 273.

2. “PHC 2011: 157 Native Languages Spoken in Estonia,” Statistics Estonia, 30 August 2012, http://www.stat.ee/64629?parent_id=39113. Final results of the population and housing census 2011 in Latvia: “Gyventojai pagal tautybę ir gimtąją (-ąsias) kalbą (-as),” http://statistics.bookdesign.lt/dalis_04.pdf, p. 164. The total Russian minority population in Lithuania might be as much as 15 percent. Meilutė Ramonienė, ed., “Miestų gyventojai, gimtąja įvardiję rusų kalbą,” Kalbos Lietuvos miestuose, http://www.kalbuzemelapis.flf.vu.lt/lt/zemelapiai/miestu-gyventoju-gimtoji-kalba/miestu-gyventojai-gimtaja-ivardije-rusu-kalba/.