Agnia Grigas - Beyond Crimea

99. David Hollis, “Cyberwar Case Study: Georgia 2008,” Small Wars Journal , 6 January 2011, http://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/journal/docs-temp/639-hollis.pdf.

100. John Markoff, “Before the Gunfire, Cyberattacks,” New York Times , 12 August 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/13/technology/13cyber.html.

101. Ellen Nakashima, “Russian Hackers Use ‘Zero-day’ to Hack NATO, Ukraine in Cyber-spy Campaign,” Washington Post , 14 October 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/russian-hackers-use-zero-day-to-hack-nato-ukraine-in-cyber-spy-campaign/2014/10/13/f2452976-52f9-11e4-892e-602188e70e9c_story.html.

102. Miriam Elder, “‘Nothing Is True and Everything Is Possible,’ by Peter Pomerantsev,” New York Times , 25 November 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/30/books/review/nothing-is-true-and-everything-is-possible-by-peter-pomerantsev.html.

103. Alexander Podrabinek, “The Price of Freedom,” Institute of Modern Russia, 7 January 2015, http://imrussia.org/en/opinions/2148-the-price-of-freedom.

104. Karin Deutsch Karlekar and Jennifer Dunham, “Overview Essay. Press Freedom In 2013: Media Freedom Hits Decade Low,” in Freedom of the Press 2014 , http://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press-2014/overview-essay#.VFFID77q9Rp.

105. Elder, “‘Nothing Is True and Everything Is Possible.’”

106. “Kasparov: Russia May Not Live to See Putin’s Death,” Euromaidan Press, 21 October 2014, http://euromaidanpress.com/2014/10/21/kasparov-russia-may-not-live-to-see-putins-death/.

107. Damien Sharkov, “Russian Actor Fires at Ukrainian Forces, Wearing Press Helmet,” Newsweek , 31 September 2014, http://www.newsweek.com/russian-actor-fires-ukrainian-forces-wearing-press-helmet-281465.

108. “Latvia Bans Russian Actor Who Donned ‘Press’ Helmet to Fire at Ukrainian Troops,” Ukraine Today, 3 November 2014, http://uatoday.tv/politics/latvia-bans-russian-actor-who-donned-lsquo-press-rsquo-helmet-to-fire-at-ukrainian-troops-389737.html.

109. Pelnēns, The “Humanitarian Dimension” of Russian Foreign Policy , p. 25.

110. Tom Parfitt, “Vladimir Putin Says There Was Nothing Wrong with Soviet Union’s Pact with Adolf Hitler’s Nazi Germany,” The Telegraph , 6 November 2014, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/vladimir-putin/11213255/Vladimir-Putin-says-there-was-nothing-wrong-with-Soviet-Unions-pact-with-Adolf-Hitlers-Nazi-Germany.html.

111. Rayyan Sabet-Parry, “Blacklisted Russian Historian Denied Entry into Lithuania,” baltictimes.com , 14 August 2014, http://www.newz.lt/link.php?articleid=19520&source=0.

112. Simon Shuster, “Russians Rewrite History to Slur Ukraine over War,” Time , 29 October 2014, http://time.com/3545855/russia-ukraine-war-history/.

113. Nils Muižnieks, Manufacturing Enemy Images? Russian Media Portrayal of Latvia (Riga: Academic Press of the University of Latvia, 2008).

114. Pelnēns, The “Humanitarian Dimension” of Russian Foreign Policy , p. 190.

115. Kadri Liik, “The ‘Bronze Year; of Estonia-Russia Relations,” Estonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs Yearbook 2007, http://vm.ee/sites/default/files/content-editors/web-static/053/Kadri_Liik.pdf.

116. European Parliament Resolution on 2 April 2009 on European Conscience and Totalitarianism , 2 April 2009.

117. Halya Coynash, “Russia Accuses Ukraine of Committing ‘Genocide of Russian Speakers,’” Human Rights in Ukraine, 1 October 2014, http://khpg.org/index.php?id=1412115043.

118. Roy Allison, Russia, the West, and Military Intervention , 2013 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 127).

119. Ibid.

120. Menkiszak, “The Putin Doctrine,” p. 6.

121. Ibid.

122. Ibid.

123. “Statement on the Situation in South Ossetia,” August 2008, cited in Pelnēns, The “Humanitarian Dimension” of Russian Foreign Policy , p. 218.

124. “Public Opinion Survey Residents of Ukraine, April 3–12, 2014,” International Republican Institute, http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2014%20April%2024%20Survey%20of%20Residents%20of%20Ukraine,%20April%203-12,%202014.pdf.

125. Vladimir Socor, “Putin Inflates ‘Russian World’ Identity, Claims Protection Rights,” Eurasia Daily Monitor 1, no. 120 (2 July 2014), http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=42579&no_cache=1#.VF45WPmsXEg.

126. Marlene Laruelle, “The “Russian World”: Russia’s Soft Power and Geopolitical Imagination,” Centre on Global Interests , May 2015, http://globalinterests.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/FINAL-CGI_Russian-World_Marlene-Laruelle.pdf.

127. George Friedman, “The Medvedev Doctrine and American Strategy,” Stratfor, 2 September 2008, https://www.stratfor.com/weekly/medvedev_doctrine_and_american_strategy.

128. “Sergei Lavrov: Many Russian ‘Volunteers’ in Ukraine,” BloombergBusiness, 29 September 2014, http://www.bloomberg.com/video/sergei-lavrov-many-russian-volunteers-in-ukraine-oAnwPNG0RyGVsHU2Poikdg.html; Hunter Walker, “NATO Releases Satellite Evidence that Russia Is Lying about Invading Ukraine,” Business Insider , 30 August 2014, http://www.businessinsider.com/nato-satellite-photo-evidence-russia-lying-about-ukraine-2014-8.

129. Michael Kelley and Brett Logiurato, “Ukrainian President: Russian Troops Are Advancing Into Ukraine,” Business Insider, 28 August 2014 http://www.businessinsider.com/ukrainian-president-russian-troops-are-advancing-in-ukraine-2014-8#ixzz3J8o1bBHQ; “Russian Mercenaries Return in Coffins from Their ‘Deadly Vacation,’” Euromaidan Press, 5 September, 2014, http://euromaidanpress.com/2014/09/05/russian-mercenaries-return-in-coffins-from-their-deadly-vacation/.

130. Andrew E. Kramer, “Putin Declares Soldiers’ Deaths and Wounds Secret, in War and Peace,” New York Times , 28 May 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/29/world/europe/putin-russian-soldiers-ukraine.html.

131. Coalson, “Top Russian General Lays Bare Putin’s Plan for Ukraine.”

132. Gerard Toal, John O’Loughlin, “How People in South Ossetia, Abkhazia and Transnistria Feel about Annexation by Russia,” Washington Post , 20 March 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/03/20/how-people-in-south-ossetia-abkhazia-and-transnistria-feel-about-annexation-by-russia/.

Epigraph: Vladimir Putin, Annual Address to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, 25 April 2005, http://archive.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2005/04/25/2031_type70029type82912_87086.shtml.

1. Oxana Shevel, “Russian Nation-building from Yel’tsin to Medvedev: Ethnic, Civic or Purposefully Ambiguous?” Europe-Asia Studies 63, no. 2 (2011): 186; Sven Gunnar Simonsen, “Compatriot Games: Explaining the ‘Diaspora Linkage’ in Russia’s Military Withdrawal from the Baltic States,” ibid., 53, no. 5 (2001): 771–91.

2. Pål Kolstø, “Interstate Integration in the Pot-Soviet States” in Building Security in the New States of Eurasia: Subregional Cooperation in the Former Soviet Space , ed. Renata Dwan and Oleksandr Pavliuk (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2000), http://folk.uio.no/palk/Interstate_Integration.htm.

3. Calculated by the author using data from Ethnologue: Languages of the World , 17th ed., 2013, http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=rus.

4. Calculated by the author including total populations of former Soviet republics (excluding citizens of the Russian Federation) using the latest data from national statistical services.

5. Neil Melvin, Russians Beyond Russia: The Politics of National Identity (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1995), p. 16.