Фрэнсис Фукуяма - Identity - The Demand for Dignity and the Politics of Resentment

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Identity: The Demand for Dignity and the Politics of Resentment: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация

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The New York Times bestselling author of The Origins of Political Order offers a provocative examination of modern identity politics: its origins, its effects, and what it means for domestic and international affairs of state
In 2014, Francis Fukuyama wrote that American institutions were in decay, as the state was progressively captured by powerful interest groups. Two years later, his predictions were borne out by the rise to power of a series of political outsiders whose economic nationalism and authoritarian tendencies threatened to destabilize the entire international order. These populist nationalists seek direct charismatic connection to “the people,” who are usually defined in narrow identity terms that offer an irresistible call to an in-group and exclude large parts of the population as a whole.
Demand for recognition of one’s identity is a master concept that unifies much of what is going on in world politics today. The universal recognition on which liberal democracy is based has been increasingly challenged by narrower forms of recognition based on nation, religion, sect, race, ethnicity, or gender, which have resulted in anti-immigrant populism, the upsurge of politicized Islam, the fractious “identity liberalism” of college campuses, and the emergence of white nationalism. Populist nationalism, said to be rooted in economic motivation, actually springs from the demand for recognition and therefore cannot simply be satisfied by economic means. The demand for identity cannot be transcended; we must begin to shape identity in a way that supports rather than undermines democracy.
Identity is an urgent and necessary book―a sharp warning that unless we forge a universal understanding of human dignity, we will doom ourselves to continuing conflict.

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Indonesia

industrialization, nationalism spurred by

interest groups, reform inhibited by

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

intersectionality

Invictus (film)

Invisible Man (Ellison)

Iran

Iraq; politicized religion in

Ireland; constitution of; emigrants from

Islamism; Arab Spring and; as identity politics

Islamic State; resentment and

isothymia; see also equality

Israel

Italy

Jackson, Jesse

Japan; immigration to; national identity in

Jay, John

Jefferson, Thomas

Jews: antipathy toward; support for

jihadis; see also Islamism

Jordan

judicial systems, independent

justice; equal pay as marker of; therapeutic model’s indifference to; undermined by narcissism

Justice and Development Party (Turkey)

Kaczynski, Jaroslaw

Kafka, Franz

Kahneman, Daniel

Kant, Immanuel; on equality; on moral choice

Kennedy, Anthony

Kenya

Kepel, Gilles

Khrushchev, Nikita

King, Bill

King, Martin Luther, Jr.

Kirchner, Cristina and Nestor

Korea; emigrants from; immigration to; national identity of

Ku Klux Klan

Kuznets, Simon

Labor Party (Israel)

Lagarde, Paul de

Langbehn, Julius

language: colonialism and; diversity of; nationalism and; for nationalities; necessity of common

Lasch, Christopher

Latin America

Law and Justice Party (Poland)

Lebanon

Lee Kuan Yew

left-wing parties; identity politics embraced by; infighting among; white working class abandoned by

liberalism; see also democracy (modern liberal)

liberty; see also autonomy; freedom

Libya

Life of Jesus (Strauss)

Likud (Israel)

Lilla, Mark

Lincoln

Lipset, Seymour Martin

lived experience; shared experience vs.

Locke, John

Lula da Silva, Luiz Inácio

Luther, Martin

Luxembourg

MacKinnon, Catharine

Macron, Emmanuel

Maduro, Nicolás

Mahler, Gustav

Mandela, Nelson

Manent, Pierre

Mann, Thomas

Mann, Thomas E.

Maori

Marcuse, Herbert

marginalized groups: choice of assimilation or separatism for; identity politics adopted by; ongoing violence against

market economy: choice in; diversity in; equality in; EU formed to support; global, see globalization; inequality in, see economic inequality; language in; left-wing acceptance of; mobility in; nationalism in; as outlet for megalothymia

Marx, Karl

Maslow, Abraham

media; mistrust of

megalothymia; see also nationalism; recognition

Merkel, Angela

#MeToo movement

Mexico, border of

middle class; political choices of

Middle East; Arab Spring in; modernization of; see also Islamism

Milanovic, Branko

Mill, John Stuart

minorities, see marginalized groups

modernization, identity created by

Modi, Narendra

Moeller van den Bruck, Arthur

Monnet, Jean

moral choice; Christian; Hegel on; Kant on; of values

Morocco, emigrants from

Mubarak, Hosni

multiculturalism; see also diversity; immigration

Murray, Charles

Muslim Brotherhood

Muslims; in Europe; fear of; sects of

Myanmar

NAFTA

Napoleon

narcissism

National Front (France)

national identity; in Africa; in Asia; assimilation to; borders and; citizenship and; corruption without; as culture; in democracies; diversity within; dual citizenship’s undermining of; economic development from; education for; ethno-nationalism vs.; in Europe; immigration and; language and; in Middle East; postnational identity vs.; security issues without; service and; sports and; trust built by; in U.S.; welfare made possible by

nationalism, populist; as anti-immigrant; biological justifications for; as collective identity ; as cultural pride; definition of; democracy as tool for; in Germany; Herder’s contribution to; identity politics and; language and; middle-class role in; moderates within; nostalgia and; psychological root of; as response to colonialism; thymos and; twenty-first-century; universal dignity vs.; urbanization and; in U.S.

Nation of Islam

nations, formation of

Native American rights movement

Nazis (National Socialist Party); intellectual lineage of; neo-

Négritude

Nehru

neoliberalism

Netherlands; Muslims in; nationalism in; pillarization in; social movements in

New Zealand, indigenous population of

Nietzsche; on moral law

Nigeria

1984 (Orwell)

Nixon, Richard M.

nonprofit sector

North Korea

Norway

Obama, Barack H.

Occupy Wall Street, movement

Orange Revolution

Orbán, Viktor

Origins of Political Order, The (Fukuyama)

Ornstein, Norman

Orwell, George

Paine, Thomas

Pakistan, emigrants from

Palestinians

Palin, Sarah

Party for Freedom (Dutch)

Phenomenology of Spirit, The (Hegel)

Philippines

Piketty, Thomas

Pinochet, Augusto

Planned Parenthood v. Casey

Plato

Poland; nationalism in

police violence

political correctness

Political Order and Political Decay (Fukuyama)

poor people; difficulty of organizing politically; dignity sought by; see also economic inequality

populism; left-wing; see also nationalism, populist

Poroshenko, Petro

postmodernism

postnational identities; lack of

pride; in identity; national; Rousseau on; in work

primates, social structures of

private property

Protestants; in Netherlands; in U.S.

psychology, see therapeutic model

Putin, Vladimir; political division instigated by; resentment used by; Trump and; Ukraine and

Putnam, Robert

Quebec

racism, see civil rights movement; immigration: political movements against; nationalism; police brutality

radicalism, alienation and

Rameau’s Nephew (Diderot)

Reagan, Ronald

recognition (of dignity); at core of feminism; desire for; as driver of human history; as goal of revolutions; individual vs. group; lacking in Arab world; lacking in early humans; lacking in Luther’s concept of identity; lacking in Ukraine; masked as economic motivation; in modern liberal democracy; self-esteem and; as source of unhappiness; under colonialism; universal; see also dignity

Reflections on the Philosophy of the History of Mankind (Herder)

refugees; Syrian

religion; see also Christianity; Muslims

Republic (Plato)

Republican Party; see also Trump

Reveries (Rousseau)

Revolution of Dignity

revolutions; in Arab world; dignity as object of; French; inner self and; social media in; in Ukraine

Reynolds, Paul

Rieff, Philip

rights; exclusion from; French Revolution and; inner self embodied in; international; for noncitizens; to vote

Right Sector (Ukraine)

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques; on autonomy; on human nature

Roy, Olivier

rule of law; American identity and

rural people

Russia; nationalism in; social media used by; Syria supported by; Ukraine and; U.S. support for

Rwanda

Sanders, Bernie

Sartre, Jean-Paul

Sasse, Ben

Satir, Virginia

Saudi Arabia

Scandinavia

Schengen system

Schuller, Robert

Schuman, Robert

Schutz, Dana

science fiction

Scotland

Second Sex, The (de Beauvoir)

secularism

self-esteem

Self-Esteem (Schuller)

self, inner: Christian; secular; shaped by identities; as social; valuing of

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