Tony Wood - Russia Without Putin - Money, Power and the Myths of the New Cold War

On this history see Galia Golan, Soviet Policies in the Middle East from World War Two to Gorbachev , Cambridge 1990, pp. 140–156.

Nikolai Kozhanov, Russia and the Syrian Conflict: Moscow’s Domestic, Regional and Strategic Interests , Berlin 2016, p. 17.

Russian Ministry of Economic Development data, cited in Kozhanov, Russia and the Syrian Conflict , p. 11, Annex 1.

Kozhanov, Russia and the Syrian Conflict , p. 2.

See for example ‘In Syria, militias armed by the Pentagon fight those armed by the CIA’, Los Angeles Times , 27 March 2016.

Maria Zakharova, interview with Ekho Moskvy, 3 November 2015; transcript and audio available at http://echo.msk.ru.

‘Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov’s interview on the “Sunday evening with Vladimir Solovyev” program on “Russia” TV’, Moscow, 10 February 2013; English translation available at www.mid.ru.

By far the best analysis of the report and its ‘findings’ is by Masha Gessen, ‘Russia, Trump & Flawed Intelligence’, New York Review Daily , 9 January 2017.

Masha Gessen, ‘Russia: The Conspiracy Trap’, New York Review Daily , 6 March 2017.

Nikolay Gogol, Dead Souls , trans. Robert Maguire, London 2004, p. 283.

The Moscow-based SOVA Centre keeps track of such attacks, and issues regular reports on the state of the far right in Russia; see www.sova-center.ru.

The literature on Eurasianism is extensive and growing; for an incisive overview, see Marlène Laruelle, Russian Eurasianism: An Ideology of Empire , Washington, DC and Baltimore 2008.

For a systematic portrait of Gumilev’s ideas, and the context in which they developed, see Mark Bassin, The Gumilev Mystique : Biopolitics, Eurasianism, and the Construction of Community in Modern Russia , Ithaca, NY 2016.

For portraits of Dugin, see Laruelle, Russian Eurasianism , ch. 4; Andreas Umland, ‘Aleksandr Dugin’s transformation from a lunatic fringe figure into a mainstream political publicist, 1980–1998’, Journal of Eurasian Studies , vol. 1, no. 2, 2010; on Dugin and Russia’s new right more generally, see Charles Clover, Black Wind, White Snow: The Rise of Russia’s New Nationalism , London 2016.

Dina Newman, ‘Russian nationalist thinker Dugin sees war with Ukraine’, BBC News , 10 July 2014.

Anatoly Chubais, ‘Missiia Rossii v XXI veke’, Nezavisimaia gazeta , 1 October 2003.

Figures from SIPRI database; 2015 is the last year for which full data was available for comparison.

See for example Charles Kupchan, No One’s World: The West, the Rising Rest, and the Coming Global Turn , New York 2012.

On the idea of a world-market society, see Giovanni Arrighi, Adam Smith in Beijing: Lineages of the Twenty-First Century , London and New York 2007, pp. 7–8.

Halford Mackinder, ‘The Geographical Pivot of History’, The Geographical Journal , vol. 23, no. 4, April 1904, pp. 421–44.

In 2015, exports of mineral products, metals and precious metals came to $237 billion, out of a total of $317 billon; data from the Observatory of Economic Complexity, atlas.media.mit.edu. The most recent data, from 2016, include a sizeable volume of ‘Unspecified’ exports, making precise calculations impossible.

Boris Kagarlitsky, Empire of the Periphery: Russia and the World System , London 2008, p. 292, citing SSSR v tsifrakh v 1987 .

Data on fuel exports from World Bank online database.

Dmitri Medvedev, ‘Rossiia, vpered!’, Gazeta.ru , 10 September 2009.

OECD Economic Outlook 2017 , Paris 2017, p. 216.

Figures from UN Population Division Database.

The most detailed account of this history is Anatoly Vishnevsky et al, Demograficheskaia modernizatsiia Rossii, 1900–2000 , Moscow 2006.

Vishnevsky et al., Demograficheskaia modernizatsiia Rossii , pp. 502, Table 22.3, 504 Table 22.5.

Brian Taylor, State Building in Putin’s Russia , Cambridge 2011, p. 113; for figures on tax revenues, see p. 147.

I make this argument at greater length in Chechnya: The Case for Independence , Ch. 2.

Laruelle, Russian Eurasianism , p. 118.

Andrei Zakharov, ‘Spiashchii institut’: Federalizm v sovremennoi Rossii i v mire , Moscow 2012.

For a map of violations reported on election day, put together by the independent election monitoring organization ‘Golos’, see kartanarusheniy.org.

See Ilya Budraitskis, ‘The Very Best Day’, ArtsEverywhere.ca , 16 March 2018; and Sergey Zhavoronkov, ‘Two Lean Years: Russia’s Budget for 2018–20’, Intersection Project , 6 December 2017.

Yekaterina Schulmann, ‘How Regime Self-Preservation Could Accidentally Democratize Russia’, Carnegie Moscow Center, 14 December 2017.

Dmitri Furman, Dvizhenie po spirali: Politicheskaia sistema Rossii v riadu drugikh politicheskikh sistem , Moscow 2010.