Tony Wood - Russia Without Putin - Money, Power and the Myths of the New Cold War

Ledeneva provides a helpful glossary in Can Russia Modernise? , pp. 273–80.

‘Rodnia vo vlasti’, Kommersant-Vlast ’, 24 September 2007; ‘Kak ustroilis’ deti chinovnikov, i chto v etom nepravil’nogo’, Meduza , 30 May 2017.

Levada Tsentr, ‘Institutsional’naia korruptsiia i lichnyi opyt’, 28 March 2017.

Dmitri Trenin, Getting Russia Right , Washington, DC 2007, p. 10.

Shaun Walker, ‘Russian cellist says funds revealed in Panama Papers came from donations’, Guardian , 10 April 2016.

‘The long life of Homo sovieticus’, Economist , 10 December 2011; Svetlana Alexievich, ‘Nobel Lecture: On the Battle Lost’, 7 December 2015.

Masha Gessen, The Future Is History: How Totalitarianism Reclaimed Russia , New York 2017.

Leon Trotsky, The Revolution Betrayed [1937], trans. Max Eastman, New York 2004, pp. 180–81.

Figures in this paragraph from Basile Kerblay, Modern Soviet Society , London 1977, p. 127; and Constance Sorrentino, ‘International comparisons of labor force participation, 1960–81’, Monthly Labor Review , February 1983, p. 25, Table 1.

Donald Filtzer, Soviet Workers and De-Stalinization , Cambridge 1992, pp. 201–2.

T. H. Rigby, Communist Party Membership in the USSR, 1917–1967 , Princeton 1968, p. 53.

Figures from David Lane, The End of Social Inequality? , London 1982, p. 117.

The lower figure is taken from Kryshtanovskaia, Anatomiia rossiiskoi elity , p. 17; the higher is from Mikhail Voslensky’s Nomenklatura: Anatomy of the Soviet Ruling Class , London 1984, p. 95.

See Filip Novokmet, Thomas Piketty and Gabriel Zucman, ‘From Soviets to Oligarchs: Inequality and Property in Russia, 1905–2016’, NBER Working Paper 23712, August 2017, p. 69, Figure 10c.

Bertram Silverman and Murray Yanowitch, New Rich, New Poor, New Russia: Winners and Losers on the Russian Road to Capitalism , Armonk, NY 1997, p. 46.

World Bank, ‘Russia: Targeting and the Longer-Term Poor’, May 1999, Volume I, p. 6, Table I; Reddaway and Glinski, Tragedy of Russia’s Reforms , p. 302.

Leonid Gordon and Eduard Klopov, Poteri i obreteniia v Rossii v 90-kh. Tom 2: Meniaiushchaiasia zhizn’ v meniaiushcheisia strane: zaniatost’, zarabotki, potreblenie , Moscow 2001, pp. 360–61, Table 16.5.

Figure quoted in Serguei Oushakine, The Patriotism of Despair , Ithaca, NY 2009, p. 8.

Figures from Linda Cook, Postcommunist Welfare States: Reform Politics in Russia and Eastern Europe , Ithaca, NY 2007, pp. 65, 82, 190, 79.

World Bank, ‘Russia: Targeting and the Longer-Term Poor’, May 1999, Volume II: Annexes, pp. 15–17.

For a perceptive survey of these questions, see Jane Zavisca, Housing the New Russia , Ithaca, NY 2012.

Barnes, Owning Russia , pp. 87–104; see also Grigory Ioffe, Tatyana Nefedova and Ilya Zaslavsky, The End of Peasantry? The Disintegration of Rural Russia , Pittsburgh 2006, pp. 107–29.

Ovsei Shkaratan, ‘Sotsial’noe rassloenie v sovremennoi Rossii: drama raskolotogo obshchestva’, Mir Rossii , no. 1, 2004, pp. 43–44, tables 5 and 7, gives a figure of 3 to 4 per cent for entrepreneurs, traders and private farmers, but half of these did not own a firm, so the number of owner-businessmen is much smaller.

For a compelling ethnographic sketch of post-Soviet traders, see Caroline Humphrey, The Unmaking of Soviet Life , Ithaca, NY 2002, pp. 85–90.

A memorable sociological description of this milieu can be found in Vadim Volkov, Violent Entrepreneurs , Ithaca, NY 2002; see also Mark Galeotti’s definitive history The Vory: Russia’s Super Mafia , New Haven 2018.

Svetlana Stephenson, Crossing the Line: Vagrancy, Homelessness and Social Displacement in Russia , Aldershot 2006, p. 114.

Humphrey, The Unmaking of Soviet Life , pp. xvii–xviii.

Peter Nolan, China’s Rise, Russia’s Fall: Politics, Economics and Planning in the Transition from Stalinism , Houndmills 1995, p. 124, Table 5.2.

Figures cited in Cook, Postcommunist Welfare States , p. 64, Table 2.2.

Figures from World Bank Open Data website.

Karine Clément, Les ouvriers russes dans la tourmente du marché , Paris 2000, p. 111.

Shkaratan, ‘Sotsial’noe rassloenie v sovremennoi Rossii’, p. 43.

For a valuable account of this phase, see Sue Bridger, Rebecca Kay and Kathryn Pinnick, No More Heroines? Russian Women and the Market , London and New York 1996, ch. 1.

Tatiana Zaslavskaia, survey of May–November 1993, cited in Silverman and Yanowitch, New Rich, New Poor, New Russia , p. 54.

Quoted in Bridger, Kay and Pinnick, No More Heroines? , p. 51.

Andrew Stickley, Olga Kislitsyna et al, ‘Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in Moscow, Russia’, Journal of Family Violence , vol. 23, 2008, pp. 447–56; see also Lynne Attwood, ‘“She was asking for it”: rape and domestic violence against women’, in Mary Buckley, ed., Post-Soviet Women: from the Baltic to Central Asia , Cambridge 1997, pp. 99–118.

Shkaratan, ‘Sotsial’noe rassloenie v sovremennoi Rossii’, p. 31.

Lev Gudkov and Boris Dubin, ‘Bez napriazheniia’ (1993), in Intelligentsiia: Zametki o literaturno-politicheskikh illiuziiakh [1995], 2nd ed., St Petersburg 2009, pp. 152–53.

Thanks to Irina Sandomirskaia for alerting me to this document.

Andrei Sinyavsky, The Russian Intelligentsia , New York 1997, p. 22.

Sinyavsky, Russian Intelligentsia , pp. 12–13.

Viktor Erofeev, ‘Zhivoe srednevekov’e’, Obshchaia gazeta , 14–20 January 1999; my attention was drawn to this text by Clément, Les ouvriers russes dans la tourmente du marché , p. 212.

Gudkov and Dubin, ‘Ideologiia besstrukturnosti’ (1994), in Intelligentsiia , p. 279.

Mikhail Ryklin, ‘Medium i avtor: O tekstakh Vladimira Sorokina’, afterword to Vladimir Sorokin, Sobranie sochinenii v dvukh tomakh , vol. 2, Moscow 1998, p. 744.

Figures from Stephen Crowley, ‘Labour Quiescence in Post-Communist Russia’, National Council for Eurasian and East European Research paper, October 2000, p. 3.