Roger Moorhouse - The Devils' Alliance - Hitler's Pact with Stalin, 1939-1941

116 170 Lux residents would disappear in this way: “Nachts kamen Stalin’s Häscher,” Der Spiegel 42 (1978).

117 “Marvellous, marvellous!”: Octavio Brandao, quoted in Leonhard, op. cit., 17.

117 “The scene I saw at the bus stop”: Castro Delgado, quoted in ibid., 16.

117 He told himself that “Stalin never errs”: Delgado in ibid., 18.

117 Another Spaniard recalled being “stupefied”: Jesus Hernandez, quoted in ibid., 14.

117 “as though the clock on the Kremlin tower stopped”: Ruth von Mayenburg, Blaues Blut und Rote Fahnen (Vienna: Molden, 1969), 268.

117 “It was actually shameful”: Von Mayenburg, quoted in Leonhard, op. cit., 23.

118 struggled to feed himself for several months: Katerina Clark, Moscow, the Fourth Rome: Stalinism, Cosmopolitanism, and the Evolution of Soviet Culture, 1931–1941 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011), 341.

118 “listened to me absent-mindedly”: Quoted in Alfred Senn, Lithuania 1940: Revolution from Above (New York: Rodopi, 2007), 66n120.

118 “The big treason trials”: Victor Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom (New York: Scribner’s, 1946), 332.

118 “meteorlike across our horizon and crashed headlong”: Ibid., 333.

119 audience sat “bewildered and silent”: Leonhard, op. cit., 54.

119 “The libraries, similarly, were purged”: Kravchenko, op. cit., 334.

119 “The German is a beast!”: Richard Taylor, Film Propaganda: Soviet Russia and Nazi Germany (London: I. B. Tauris, 1998), 89.

119 some 23 million Soviet citizens had already seen: Kyril Anderson, Kremlevskij Kinoteatr, 1928–1953, Dokumenty (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2005), 539.

120 “Public opinion in our country”: Stalin quoted in Terry Charman, Outbreak 1939: The World Goes to War (London: Virgin, 2009), 52.

120 Eisenstein, meanwhile, was given the chance to redeem himself: Clark, op. cit., 341.

120 “richest legacy of the great German composer”: “Val’kiriia,” Pravda, November 23, 1940, 4.

120 he was otherwise vague and unconvincing: Charles Bohlen, Witness to History, 1929–1969 (New York: Norton, 1973), 89.

120 “For us to have explained our reasons”: Nikita Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers (London: André Deutsch, 1971), 112.

120 “They were still the same fascists”: Quoted in Orlando Figes, The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin’s Russia (London: Allen Lane, 2007), 374.

121 archetypal “strong man,” who “fears no one”: See Sarah Davies, Popular Opinion in Stalin’s Russia: Terror, Propaganda and Dissent, 1934–1941 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 97.

121 “have agreed simply that there should be no leaders”: Ibid., 98.

121 “There they had their own little houses”: Ibid., 99.

121 sentiment even expressed by the Times of London: “The Russo-German Deal,” Times, August 23, 1939, 13.

122 “difficult to reconcile at such short notice”: “Portuguese Anger over Soviet-Nazi Pact,” Times, August 28, 1939, 9; “Hungary Suspends Judgment,” Times, August 23, 1939, 11.

122 “You, Duce,” he wrote: Hugh Gibson, ed., The Ciano Diaries: 1939–1943 (New York: Doubleday, 1946), 125.

122 “The Germans are treacherous and deceitful”: Ibid., 131.

122 saw the pact as a betrayal and tendered his resignation: Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918–1945, Series D, Vol. VII (Washington, DC, 1956), No. 183, 191.

123 “do nothing to injure our country”: Quoted in Robert Skidelsky, Oswald Mosley (London: Papermac, 1990), 442–443.

123 “Naturally, we closed down on the outbreak of war”: Quoted in West, op. cit., 128.

123 Ramsay’s followers continued leafleting and bill-posting: Richard Griffiths, Patriotism Perverted (London: Constable, 1998), 237.

124 “Non-Aggression Pact with Moscow is a world sensation!”: Elke Fröhlich, ed., Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, Part 1 (Munich: K. G. Saur, 1998), 7:73.

124 “The trip of our minister to Moscow”: Alfred Rosenberg’s diary, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 267, entry for August 22, 1939 ( www.ushmm.org).

124 Hitler had clearly gone to considerable lengths: TNA, CAB 65/4/22–123–4, Foreign Office Memorandum, November 29, 1939.

124 “I have the feeling,” he wrote: Rosenberg’s diary, op. cit., 277, entry for August 26, 1939.

124 “Stalin and I are the only ones who visualize the future”: Quoted in Hitler’s Obersalzberg speech in Anthony P. Adamthwaite, The Making of the Second World War (London: Allen & Unwin, 1977), 219–220.

125 meant nothing less than the “Finis Germaniae”: Fritz Thyssen, I Paid Hitler (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1941), 47, 56. Although the authenticity of this memoir is disputed, the letters quoted here are considered genuine.

125 “one of the most important turning points”: Völkischer Beobachter, August 25, 1939, 1.

126 So looked forward to a new era of collaboration: Schwarze Korps, August 31, 1939, 3.

126 editorial comments dutifully echoing the Soviet line: Völkischer Beobachter, September 1, 18 and 19, 1939.

126 “Our press is lacking all dignity”: Rosenberg’s diary, op. cit., 269, entry date unclear.

126 page of the Völkischer Beobachter was devoted: Völkischer Beobachter, August 26, 1939, 8; September 3, 1939, 9.

126 “a lot of negative stuff about the English”: Daniil Granin, Zubr (Moscow: Krizhnaia palata, 1989), 125.

126 “still rubbing their eyes”: William Shirer, This Is Berlin: Reporting from Germany, 1938–1940 (London: Hutchinson, 1999), 56.

127 “Everyone beaming with joy”: Karl Neumann, diary entry for August 24, 1939, ref: 1346/1,3, held at Deutsches Tagebucharchiv, Emmendingen.

127 “whether to heave a sigh of relief”: Ruth Andreas-Friedrich, Berlin Underground, 1938–1945 (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1947), 45.

127 “I just could not believe it”: Rainer Hamm, unpublished memoir, 25, ref: 1815,3, held at Deutsches Tagebucharchiv, Emmendingen.

127 “Machiavelli is a babe in arms in comparison”: Victor Klemperer, I Shall Bear Witness, 1933–1941 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998), 293.

127 “thunderstruckindignant beyond words”: Hans Gisevius, To the Bitter End (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1947), 364.

128 “Russian colossus” had been “set in motion”: Jürgen Förster, “The German Military’s Image of Russia,” in Russia: War, Peace and Diplomacy , edited by Ljubica Erickson and Mark Erickson (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005), 122.

128 “he had doubtless expected me to express”: Heinz Guderian, Panzer Leader (London: Michael Joseph, 1952), 84–85.

128 “using Beelzebub to drive away the Devil”: Ulrich von Hassell, The Ulrich von Hassell Diaries, 1938–1944 (London: Frontline Books, 2011), 43, 40.

128 Rosenberg raged in his diary: Rosenberg’s diary, op. cit., 307, entry for October 5, 1939.

128 “growing dissatisfaction and disillusionment”: TNA, War Cabinet memorandum, CAB/66/4/11, December 7, 1939.

128 littered with the discarded party badges: Charman, op. cit., 48–49.

129 “must have appeared to be a rare old muddle”: H. R. Trevor-Roper, ed., Hitler’s Table Talk, 1941–1944 (London: Phoenix, 2000), 481.

130 film was duly banned in September: David Welch, Propaganda and the German Cinema: 1933–1945 (London: I. B. Tauris, 2006), 212.

130 “I Accuse Moscow—the Comintern Plan for World Dictatorship”: Charman, op. cit., 57.

130 the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra devoted concerts: Erik Levi, Music in the Third Reich (Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan, 1994), 201–202.