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Carl Richard - When the United States Invaded Russia

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Название:
When the United States Invaded Russia
Автор:
Carl J. Richard
Издательство:
Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
Жанр:
История / Политика / на английском языке
Год:
2012
Город:
Plymouth
ISBN:
978-1-4422-1989-2
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In a little-known episode at the height of World War I, President Woodrow Wilson dispatched thousands of American soldiers to Siberia. Carl J. Richard convincingly shows that Wilson’s original intent was to enable Czechs and anti-Bolshevik Russians to rebuild the Eastern Front against the Central Powers. But Wilson continued the intervention for a year and a half after the armistice in order to overthrow the Bolsheviks and to prevent the Japanese from absorbing eastern Siberia. As Wilson and the Allies failed to formulate a successful Russian policy at the Paris Peace Conference, American doughboys suffered great hardships on the bleak plains of Siberia.
Richard argues that Wilson’s Siberian intervention ironically strengthened the Bolshevik regime it was intended to topple. Its tragic legacy can be found in the seeds of World War II—which began with an alliance between Germany and the Soviet Union, the two nations most aggrieved by Allied treatment after World War I—and in the Cold War, a forty-five year period in which the world held its collective breath over the possibility of nuclear annihilation.
One of the earliest U.S. counterinsurgency campaigns outside the Western Hemisphere, the Siberian intervention was a harbinger of policies to come. Richard notes that it teaches invaluable lessons about the extreme difficulties inherent in interventions and about the absolute need to secure widespread support on the ground if such campaigns are to achieve success, knowledge that U.S. policymakers tragically ignored in Vietnam and have later struggled to implement in Iraq and Afghanistan.

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Link, Papers of Woodrow Wilson , William S. Graves to Adjutant General Peter Harris, December 29, 1918, vol. 55, 402.

Foglesong, America’s Secret War against Bolshevism , 254.

U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, Russia, 1918 , Roland S. Morris to Robert Lansing, July 23, vol. 2, 300; Robert Lansing to Woodrow Wilson, July 24, vol. 2, 301; J. V. A. MacMurray to Robert Lansing, July 24, vol. 2, 303.

Ibid., Frank L. Polk to Woodrow Wilson, August 3, vol. 2, 325–26; Roland S. Morris to Robert Lansing, August 5, vol. 2, 330; August 13, vol. 2, 344; J. V. A. MacMurray to Robert Lansing, August 15, vol. 2, 349.

Ibid., Breckinridge Long Memo, August 21, vol. 2, 353; Roland S. Morris to Robert Lansing, August 26, vol. 2, 355–57.

Graves, America’s Siberian Adventure , 62; Link, Papers of Woodrow Wilson , William S. Graves to Adjutant General Peter Harris, October 1, 1918, vol. 51, 609.

U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, Russia, 1918 , Ishii Kikujiro to Robert Lansing, August 27, vol. 2, 357–58; Roland S. Morris to Robert Lansing, September 5, vol. 2, 368; November 6, vol. 2, 427; November 20, vol. 2, 436; Link, Papers of Woodrow Wilson , Wilson to Robert Lansing, September 17, 1918, vol. 51, 25; William S. Graves to Peter Harris, October 18, 1918, vol. 51, 384; October 25, vol. 51, 449; Roland S. Morris to Robert Lansing, October 27, vol. 51, 481.

U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, Russia, 1918 , John K. Caldwell to Robert Lansing, September 9, vol. 2, 372; Frank L. Polk to Roland S. Morris, December 16, vol. 2, 462; Betty M. Unterberger, America’s Siberian Expedition, 1918–1920 (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1956; reprint, New York: Greenwood, 1969), 103–4.

U.S. Department of State, Lansing Papers, 1914–1920 , Lansing to Woodrow Wilson, August 18, 1918, vol. 2, 374–75; U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, Russia, 1918 , Robert Lansing Memo, August 20, vol. 2, 351.

Link, Papers of Woodrow Wilson , Newton D. Baker to Wilson, November 6, 1918, vol. 51, 608; November 27, 1918, vol. 53, 227–28.

U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, Russia, 1918 , Robert Lansing to Roland S. Morris, November 16, vol. 2, 435; Roland S. Morris to Robert Lansing, November 20, vol. 2, 436–37; Link, Papers of Woodrow Wilson , Memorandum of David Lloyd George, December 30, 1918, vol. 53, 560; Diary of David H. Miller, January 30, 1919, vol. 54, 379.

Graves, America’s Siberian Adventure , 57–59; U.S. Department of State, Lansing Papers, 1914–1920 , Colville Barclay to Lansing, August 16, 1918, vol. 2, 373.

U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, Russia, 1918 , Robert Lansing to Walter Hines Page, November 16, vol. 2, 433; Robert Lansing to Roland S. Morris, November 16, vol. 2, 434; William G. Sharp to Robert Lansing, November 22, vol. 2, 440; Irwin B. Laughlin to Robert Lansing, December 9, vol. 2, 477.

U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, Russia, 1918 , Roland S. Morris to Robert Lansing, December 29, vol. 2, 465–66; Unterberger, America’s Siberian Expedition , 106.

U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, Russia, 1919 , Roland S. Morris to Frank L. Polk, January 9, 236; Ishii Kikujiro to Frank L. Polk, January 15, 239; Katsuji Debuchi to Breckinridge Long, January 18, 242–43; Charles H. Smith to Frank L. Polk, April 22, 555; Robert L. Willett, Russian Sideshow: America’s Undeclared War, 1918–1920 (Washington, D.C.: Brassey’s, 2003), 206–7; Killen, Russian Bureau , 61–62, 117, 189.

U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, Russia, 1919 , Frank L. Polk to Commission to Negotiate Peace, January 24, 245; Commission to Negotiate Peace to Frank L. Polk, January 31, 246–48.

Ibid., Frank L. Polk to Commission to Negotiate Peace, February 4, 248–49; Commission to Negotiate Peace to Frank L. Polk, February 9, 251; Frank L. Polk to Ishii Kikujiro, February 10, 251–52; Killen, Russian Bureau , 42, 50, 117–19.

U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, Russia, 1919 , Woodrow Wilson to Frank L. Polk, March 3, 262; Executive Order No. 3094-A, June 5, 265–66.

Unterberger, America’s Siberian Expedition , 119; Carol Willcox Melton, Between War and Peace: Woodrow Wilson and the American Expeditionary Force in Siberia, 1918–1921 (Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 2001), 57–58.

Graves, America’s Siberian Adventure , 86, 90–91, 314.

R. Ernest Dupuy, Perish by the Sword: The Czechoslovakian Anabasis and Our Supporting Campaigns in North Russia and Siberia, 1918–1920 (Harrisburg, Pa.: Military Service Publishing, 1939), 235–36.

Maddox, Unknown War with Russia , 71.

U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, Russia, 1919 , Paul S. Reinsch to Frank L. Polk, May 31, 505; Roland S. Morris to Robert Lansing, July 17, 566–67.

Graves, America’s Siberian Adventure , 183; Dupuy, Perish by the Sword , 232.

Graves, America’s Siberian Adventure , 183–84; Maddox, Unknown War with Russia , 71–72; Dupuy, Perish by the Sword , 257.

Graves, America’s Siberian Adventure , 184, 206; Maddox, Unknown War with Russia , 72.

Maddox, Unknown War with Russia , 73; U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, Russia, 1919 , Paul S. Reinsch to Frank L. Polk, June 14, 507.

U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, Russia, 1919 , Roland S. Morris to Robert Lansing, July 27, 567; August 15, 571; John F. Stevens to Robert Lansing, August 15, 570.

Ibid., Robert Lansing to American Embassy in Tokyo, August 30, 576–77.

For early dispatches noting Japanese control of Semenov and Kalmikov, see U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, Russia, 1918 , Ernest L. Harris to Robert Lansing, October 31, vol. 2, 419–20; December 9, vol. 2, 456; Roland S. Morris to Robert Lansing, November 7, vol. 2, 428; Charles Moser to Robert Lansing, November 27, vol. 2, 448; Alfred Thomson to Robert Lansing, December 6, vol. 2, 454; December 9, vol. 2, 458; December 13, vol. 2, 462; Sergei Ughet to Frank L. Polk, December 14, vol. 2, 461; Frank L. Polk to Roland S. Morris, December 16, vol. 2, 462.

Ibid., Frank L. Polk to DeWitt C. Poole, December 4, vol. 2, 457; Fowler, British-American Relations , 288. For reference to Wilson’s reason for deciding against the issuance of Lansing’s statement, see Link, Papers of Woodrow Wilson , Frank L. Polk to Robert Lansing, January 6, 1919, vol. 53, 627.