Carl Richard - When the United States Invaded Russia

Seymour, Intimate Papers of Colonel House , vol. 3, 407; U.S. Department of State, Lansing Papers, 1914–1920 , Woodrow Wilson to Lansing, June 19, 1918, vol. 2, 364.

U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, Russia, 1918 , John K. Caldwell to Robert Lansing, June 25, vol. 2, 227; Alexander Konovalov to Robert Lansing, June 25, vol. 2, 228–29.

Baker, Woodrow Wilson , Wilson to Thomas Dixon, June 26, 1918, vol. 8, 233; Ferdinand Foch to Wilson, June 27, 1918, vol. 8, 235.

Link, Papers of Woodrow Wilson , Supreme War Council memo, July 2, 1918, vol. 48, 496–97; U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, Russia, 1918 , Austin M. Knight to Josephus Daniels, June 26, vol. 2, 231; Robert Lansing to Roland S. Morris, July 6, vol. 2, 263–64.

U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, Russia, 1918 , John K. Caldwell to Robert Lansing, July 8, vol. 2, 267; Robert Lansing memo, July 8, vol. 2, 267–68; Robert Lansing to Thomas B. Hohler, August 21, vol. 2, 352; Fowler, British-American Relations , 190; Bunyan, Intervention, Civil War, and Communism in Russia , 109–11; Link, Papers of Woodrow Wilson , Paul J. Mantoux’s notes of a meeting of the Council of Four, June 26, 1919, vol. 61, 206.

Bradley, Allied Intervention in Russia , 47; Debo, Revolution and Survival , 273; Melton, Between War and Peace , 62.

U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, Russia, 1918 , Robert Lansing Memo, July 6, vol. 2, 262.

Ibid., July 17 aide memoire , vol. 2, 288.

Arthur S. Link, ed., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1966–1994), An Address to a Joint Session of Congress, January 8, 1918, vol. 45, 537.

William S. Graves, America’s Siberian Adventure, 1918–1920 (New York: Cape and Smith, 1931), 2–4.

Ibid., 55–57, 80; Robert L. Willett, Russian Sideshow: America’s Undeclared War, 1918–1920 (Washington, D.C.: Brassey’s, 2003), 191; Robert J. Maddox, The Unknown War with Russia: Wilson’s Siberian Intervention (San Rafael, Calif.: Presidio, 1977), 61–62.

Graves, America’s Siberian Adventure , 57, 60–61; Maddox, Unknown War with Russia , 62. According to Secretary of State Lansing, the United States dispatched 7,398 soldiers and approximately 1,400 auxiliary personnel to Siberia. See U.S. Department of State, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, Russia, 1918 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1931–1932; reprint, New York: Kraus, 1969), Robert Lansing to Ishii Kikujiro, August 15, 1918, vol. 2, 346.

Graves, America’s Siberian Adventure , 57–59. For reference to Wilson’s agreement to allow the Japanese the supreme command, see Link, Papers of Woodrow Wilson , Diary of Frank L. Polk, July 16, 1918, vol. 48, 639; Polk to Wilson, July 26, 1918, vol. 49, 108.

Graves, America’s Siberian Adventure , 63–64; Maddox, Unknown War with Russia , 62–63; George F. Kennan, Russia and the West under Lenin and Stalin (Boston: Little, Brown, 1960), 109.

Graves, America’s Siberian Adventure , 93–94; Maddox, Unknown War with Russia , 63.

Graves, America’s Siberian Adventure , 94–95; Maddox, Unknown War with Russia , 64.

Graves, America’s Siberian Adventure , 95; Carl W. Ackerman, Trailing the Bolsheviki: Twelve Thousand Miles with the Allies in Siberia (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1919), 188; Betty M. Unterberger, America’s Siberian Expedition, 1918–1920 (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1956; reprint, New York: Greenwood, 1969), 90.

Maddox, Unknown War with Russia , 65.

Richard Goldhurst, The Midnight War: The American Intervention in Russia, 1918–1920 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978), 64; Richard Luckett, The White Generals: An Account of the White Movement and the Russian Civil War (New York: Viking, 1971), 165; Peter Fleming, The Fate of Admiral Kolchak (London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1963), 87; Joshua Hammer, “Resurrecting the Czar,” Smithsonian , November 2010, 38–48.

Graves, America’s Siberian Adventure , 70; Fleming, Fate of Admiral Kolchak , 83; Ackerman, Trailing the Bolsheviki , 136; Betty M. Unterberger, The United States, Revolutionary Russia, and the Rise of Czechoslovakia , 2nd ed. (College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 2000), 211, 238; David W. McFadden, Alternative Paths: Soviets and Americans, 1917–1920 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), 140; Willett, Russian Sideshow , 159.

Graves, America’s Siberian Adventure , 72; U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, Russia, 1918 , British Embassy to Robert Lansing, August 12, vol. 2, 341–42; John K. Caldwell to Robert Lansing, August 15, vol. 2, 346–48; Ernest L. Harris to Robert Lansing, September 4, vol. 2, 365; September 10, vol. 2, 374; September 12, vol. 2, 377; September 13, vol. 2, 379; John K. Caldwell to Robert Lansing, September 12, vol. 2, 377; September 16, vol. 2, 383; Robert Lansing to Roland S. Morris, September 26, vol. 2, 393–94; U.S. Department of State, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1939–1940), Jean Jusserand to Robert Lansing, August 17, 1918, vol. 2, 376–77.

Fleming, Fate of Admiral Kolchak , 103.

Graves, America’s Siberian Adventure , 98–99; U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, Russia, 1918 , John K. Caldwell to Robert Lansing, August 3, vol. 2, 363; Ernest L. Harris to Robert Lansing, November 18, vol. 2, 435; November 19, vol. 2, 435; Maddox, Unknown War with Russia , 67; Fleming, Fate of Admiral Kolchak , 109–11; H. H. Fisher and Elena Varneck, eds., The Testimony of Kolchak and Other Siberian Materials , trans. Elena Varneck (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1935), 192; Ackerman, Trailing the Bolsheviki , 147, 153; N. G. O. Pereira, White Siberia: The Politics of Civil War (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1996), 106.

Graves, America’s Siberian Adventure , 87, 99–100; Maddox, Unknown War with Russia , 67; James Bunyan, ed., Intervention, Civil War, and Communism in Russia, April–December 1918, Documents and Materials (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1936), 359; Link, Papers of Woodrow Wilson , William S. Graves to Adjutant General Peter Harris, June 21, 1919, vol. 62, 89; Goldhurst, Midnight War , 153; Fleming, Fate of Admiral Kolchak , 32.

Kennan, Russia and the West under Lenin and Stalin , 114; Graves, America’s Siberian Intervention, 113–14; Fisher and Varneck, Testimony of Kolchak , 187; Link, Papers of Woodrow Wilson , John F. Stevens to William Phillips, June 16, 1919, vol. 60, 608; Woodrow Wilson to Carter Glass, September 25, 1919, vol. 63, 518n1; Newton D. Baker to Wilson, February 17, 1920, vol. 64, 436.