Carl Richard - When the United States Invaded Russia

Link, Papers of Woodrow Wilson , Maurice Hankey’s notes of a meeting of the Council of Four, June 26, 1919, vol. 61, 201; Eduard Beneš, My War Memoirs , trans. Paul Selver (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1928), 371.

Graves, America’s Siberian Intervention , 82.

U.S. Department of State, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, Russia, 1919 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1937; reprint, New York: Kraus, 1969), Newton D. Baker to Frank L. Polk, February 11, 277–78; U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, Russia , 1918, Ernest L. Harris to Robert Lansing, November 22, vol. 2, 441.

David S. Foglesong, America’s Secret War against Bolshevism: U.S. Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1917–1920 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 152; Bunyan, Intervention, Civil War, and Communism in Russia , 372.

Anton Ovchinnikov, “Memoirs of the Red Partisan Movement in the Russian Far East, 1918–1920,” in Testimony of Kolchak , ed. Fisher and Varneck, 271–74, 278, 283–84, 306–9, 324.

Roy MacLaren, Canadians in Russia, 1918–1919 (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1976), 148, 183–84, 189, 206, 213; Graves, America’s Siberian Adventure , 83.

Link, Papers of Woodrow Wilson , William S. Graves to Newton D. Baker, November 21, 1918, vol. 53, 168–69.

Maddox, Unknown War with Russia , 85; McFadden, Alternative Paths , 172–74, 181; Foglesong, America’s Secret War against Bolshevism , 71; William Appleman Williams, American-Russian Relations, 1781–1947 (New York: Rinehart, 1952), 153; Leonid I. Strakhovsky, American Opinion about Russia, 1917–1920 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1961), 94–95; Link, Papers of Woodrow Wilson , Newton D. Baker to Wilson, January 1, 1919, vol. 53, 583n6; Colonel Edward House to Wilson, February 17, 1919, vol. 55, 204n1.

Arno J. Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917–1918 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1959), 393.

John Keegan, The First World War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999), 372, 374, 404, 408–19; Edward M. Coffman, The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War I (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968), 214, 237, 247, 298–300; John Ellis, Eye-Deep in Hell: Trench Warfare in World War I (New York: Pantheon, 1976), 128–29, 136, 181. For the armistice terms, see Arthur S. Link, ed., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1966–1994), An Address to a Joint Session of Congress, November 11, 1918, vol. 53, 36–41.

For reference to the alarm caused by the brief communist revolutions in Hungary and Bavaria, see Link, Papers of Woodrow Wilson , Robert Lansing to Wilson, March 24, 1919, vol. 56, 239–41; Diary of Ray Stannard Baker, April 19, 1919, vol. 58, 509.

Ibid., Robert Lansing to Wilson, September 14, 1918, vol. 51, 5n2; Semion Lyandres, “The 1918 Attempt on the Life of Lenin: A New Look at the Evidence,” Slavic Review 48 (Fall 1989): 432–48; David W. McFadden, Alternative Paths: Soviets and Americans, 1917–1920 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), 155, 157; R. H. Bruce Lockhart, British Agent (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1933), 314–22.

C. Leiteizen, ed., Lenin on the United States: Selected Writings by V. I. Lenin (New York: International Publishers, 1970), “Letter to American Workers,” August 20, 1918, 344, 347; “Letter to the Workers of Europe and America,” January 21, 1919, 376–377; Richard K. Debo, Revolution and Survival: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1917–1918 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1979), 357.

Link, Papers of Woodrow Wilson , Sir William Wiseman to Arthur C. Murray, September 14, 1918, vol. 51, 8.

Ibid., Wilson to Robert Lansing, September 20, vol. 51, 78n2; David S. Foglesong, America’s Secret War against Bolshevism, U.S. Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1917–1920 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 38.

W. B. Fowler, British-American Relations, 1917–1918: The Role of Sir William Wiseman (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1969), 288; McFadden, Alternative Paths , 156, 176; Robert J. Maddox, The Unknown War with Russia: Wilson’s Siberian Intervention (San Rafael, Calif.: Presidio, 1977), 80; Ray Stannard Baker, ed., Woodrow Wilson: Life and Letters (New York: Doubleday, 1927–1939), vol. 8, 553, 560.

U.S. Department of State, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1939–1940), Lansing to Woodrow Wilson, September 24, 1918, vol. 2, 387; Linda Killen, The Russian Bureau: A Case Study in Wilsonian Diplomacy (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1983), 79; Link, Papers of Woodrow Wilson , Memorandum of William C. Huntington, November 22, 1918, vol. 53, 178.

U.S. Department of State, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: Russia, 1918 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1931–1932; reprint, New York: Kraus, 1969), Roland S. Morris to Robert Lansing, September 23, vol. 2, 389–90; Link, Papers of Woodrow Wilson , Robert Lansing to Wilson, September 24, 1918, vol. 51, 95.

U.S. Department of State, Lansing Papers, 1914–1920 , Lansing to Woodrow Wilson, September 24, 1918, vol. 2, 387; U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, Russia, 1918 , Robert Lansing to Roland S. Morris, September 26, vol. 2, 393; William S. Graves, America’s Siberian Adventure, 1918–1920 (New York: Cape and Smith, 1931), 67.

U.S. Department of State, Lansing Papers, 1914–1920 , Woodrow Wilson to Lansing, August 23, 1918, vol. 2, 378.

U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, Russia, 1918 , Robert Lansing to Roland S. Morris, September 26, vol. 2, 393; Fowler, British-American Relations , 194.

U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, Russia, 1918 , Frank L. Polk to William G. Sharp, July 15, vol. 2, 282; Robert Lansing to William G. Sharp, November 5, vol. 2, 425; Richard Goldhurst, The Midnight War: The American Intervention in Russia, 1918–1920 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978), 21–22.

U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, Russia, 1918 , Robert Lansing to Woodrow Wilson, August 29, vol. 2, 379; September 9, vol. 2, 382; U.S. Department of State, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: Russia, 1919 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1937; reprint, New York: Kraus, 1969), Executive Order 3094-A, June 5, 265; Link, Papers of Woodrow Wilson , Wilson to Bernard Baruch, September 17, 1918, vol. 51, 26; Robert Lansing and Vance C. McCormick to Frank L. Polk, April 16, 1919, vol. 57, 420–22; Maddox, Unknown War with Russia , 81–84; Foglesong, America’s Secret War against Bolshevism , 61, 70; Ilya Somin, Stillborn Crusade: The Tragic Failure of Western Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1918–1920 (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1996), 9, 57; N. G. O. Pereira, White Siberia: The Politics of Civil War (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1996), 105, 122.