Джонатан Димблби - Barbarossa - How Hitler Lost the War [calibre]

Hindenburg, Paul von 21 , 23 , 24 , 47

Hitler, Adolf 151 ; Aktion T4 (euthanasia programme) 369–70 , 371 , 372–3 ; Anschluss (1938) 48 , 59 ; armed forces oath of allegiance to 47 ; Aryan people, belief in sacred supremacy of 19 , 501 ; assassination plot (July 1944) 145 n , 481 ; Balkans and 109–13 , 111 n , 112 n , 359 ; Barbarossa, loss of Second World War and xli , xlvii , 509 ; Barbarossa origins/motives and xlvii , 90–1 , 98–9 , 98 n , 107 , 127 , 135 , 136 , 137 , 142 , 169 , 204–9 , 211 , 212 , 254 , 255 , 256 , 263 , 449 , 487 , 502 ; Barbarossa planning 93 , 95 , 98–100 , 107–8 , 109 , 134 ; Britain, plans for invasion of (Operation Sealion) xlvii , 57 , 97–8 , 119 , 125 , 126–7 , 137 , 159 , 211 ; British appeasement policy and 45–53 , 56 , 59–60 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 68 , 69 ; Case Blue summer offensive, southern Russia and 496–7 ; Chancellor of Germany, becomes 21–3 ; Churchill pre-war warnings about 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 161 ; Commander-in-Chief of the Wehrmacht, appoints himself 48 ; Commissar Order 107 n , 167 , 169 , 170 ; Czechoslovakia invasion and 48–9 , 55 , 56 ; diktats unchallenged by immediate entourage 208 ; Directive No. 18 95 ; Directive No. 21 99–100 , 101 , 108 ; Directive No. 25 112 ; Directive No. 33 210–14 ; Directive No. 34 213–14 , 252–3 ; Directive No. 39 454 ; encirclement tactics and 173 , 174 , 179 ; Final Solution and xlv–xlvi , 263 , 366–7 , 375 , 501 , 502 ; Hess peace deal and 124 ; hubris 55 , 360 , 416 , 437 ; Hunger Plan and 205–8 , 212–13 , 243 , 500 ; illness 250 , 255 ; imperial ambitions 46–7 , 54–5 , 161–2 ; Jews/anti-Semitism xlv–xlvi , 10 , 19 , 20 , 21–2 , 24 , 50–52 , 54–5 , 135 , 168 , 205 , 254 , 263 , 264 , 269 , 270 , 362 , 365 , 366–7 , 375 , 404 , 418 , 501 , 502 ; Kristallnacht and (1938) 50–51 , 54 ; Kursk battle and 499 ; Lebensraum (living space) concept 19 , 22 , 24 , 46 , 54 , 55 , 77 , 81 , 90 , 99 , 107 , 135 , 207–8 , 254 , 263 , 449 , 487 , 502 ; Leningrad siege and 291 , 292 , 384 , 455 ; mass deportation of Jews from Nazi heartlands and 362 , 365 , 375 , 404 ; Mein Kampf 19–20 , 46 , 70 , 204–5 ; Middle East theatre and 110 , 158–9 , 161–2 ; Molotov meets 89 , 93–7 ; Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and 71 , 72 , 73 , 74–5 , 90 ; Moscow ambitions, unrealistic operational 357–9 , 403–4 , 427–8 , 454 , 455–6 , 483 ; Moscow and Leningrad, decision to level 143 , 205 , 207 , 291–2 ; Moscow encirclement, orders 357–9 , 403 , 404 ; Moscow, puts ‘dash toward’ on hold 208–15 , 249–60 , 276 , 281 , 301 ; Munich Agreement and 52 , 55 ; New Year proclamations (January 1942) 489 ; ‘Night of the Long Knives’ (1934) and 50 , 51 , 58 ; Order No. 32 , draft 158–9 ; Pearl Harbor and 489–90 ; Polish campaign and 56–7 , 59 , 60 , 63 , 65 , 69 , 71 , 72 , 74–5 , 77 , 78 , 80 , 81 ; retreat of German forces from Moscow and 453–4 , 455–6 , 473 , 474 , 474 n , 475 , 476–8 , 479 , 480 , 481 , 482 , 483 , 484 , 495 ; rise of within Germany xlii , 17 , 19–24 , 25 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 46 ; Salerno and 504 ; Smolensk crisis and 214 ; Sportpalast rally speech (30 January 1942) 501 ; Sportpalast speech (3 October 1941)/assurance that Soviet Union was ‘broken’ 308 , 310 , 325 , 350 , 357 , 402 ; Stalin and 56–8 , 60 , 65 , 70–71 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 102 , 106 , 118–19 , 122 , 124 , 125 , 128–9 , 140 , 143 , 145 , 505 ; Stalingrad battle and 498 , 498 n ; ‘Stand Fast’ order 475 , 478 , 481 , 483 ; suicide 488 ; Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, appoints himself 474 , 475 , 479–82 , 496 ; Torch Operation and 503 ; troops faith in, quasi-mystical 351–2 ; ‘two souls’/two distinct military objectives (seizure of the Ukrainian heartlands and the eradication of the Soviet capital), failure to resolve tension of 208–9 , 214 , 249–60 , 276 , 281 , 301 ; United States, declares war on 436–7 , 489 ; United States neutrality and 231–2 , 436 ; Versailles Treaty, renounces military prohibitions imposed on Germany at 47 ; ‘war of extermination’/‘war of annihilation’, obsession with idea of 107 , 127 , 167 , 169–70 , 179–80 ; Wehrmacht commanders and see individual commander name ; winter clothing, concern over lack of Wehrmacht 348–9 ; Wolfsschanze (Wolf ’s Lair) and see Wolfsschanze (Wolf ’s Lair ; Yugoslavia and Greece, postpones Barbarossa to attack 109 , 110 , 111–13 , 359

Hoepner, General Erich 320 , 352 , 353 , 354 , 357 , 401 , 404 , 410 , 418 , 419 , 420 , 421 , 423 , 433 , 434 , 471 , 475 , 480–81 , 483

Holocaust xlv–xlvi , 76 , 78 , 263–70 , 284 , 362–75 , 376–7 ; see also Jews

Hopkins, Harry 215–16 , 218–21 , 224–8 , 230 , 232 , 234 , 301 , 387 n , 492 , 494

Hoss, Lieutenant Hermann 431 , 449

Höss, Rudolf 367 , 374

Hoth, General Hermann 164 , 173 , 179 , 211 , 250 , 320 , 404 , 417 n

Hull, Cordell 41 , 464

Hungary 124 , 268 , 269 , 383 , 440 , 508

Hunger Plan 205 , 206 , 207 , 212 , 243 , 473 , 500

Iceland 231 , 254 , 254 n , 386

Iran 158 , 381

Istra, Soviet Union 408 , 416 , 418–19 , 423 , 446 , 460

Italy 13 , 16 , 49 , 64 , 90 , 91 n , 92 , 110 , 387 , 445 , 491 , 493 , 504 ; Pact of Steel (1940) 136–7 ; Tripartite Pact (1940) 92 , 92 n , 94–5 , 109 , 111 , 119 , 122 , 387 , 390

Japan 43 , 99 , 104 , 123 , 128 , 151 , 227 n , 228 , 234 ; Allied ‘Pacific First’ strategy and 490 , 491 , 492–3 ; Arcadia Conference and 490 ; Hitler and 489–90 ; Malaya and 388 , 389 , 445 ; Manchuria invasion (1931) 35 , 387 , 390 ; Pearl Harbor (1941) and 436–7 , 445 , 489 , 490 ; Siberia, threat to 234 , 390 , 391 , 408 ; Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact (1940) 122–3 , 390 ; Tripartite Pact (1940) 92 , 92 n , 122 , 387 , 390 ; US relations with 387–9 , 435 , 436–7 , 444 , 489 , 490

Jeckeln, Friedrich 269 , 284 , 284 n , 363 , 366 , 367–8

Jews: Allied knowledge of German atrocities committed against 376–7 ; Auschwitz xlvi , 269 , 373–5 , 374 n , 502 ; Babi Yar massacre 282–4 , 363 ; Barbarossa launch and 135 , 136 , 142 ; Bełżec extermination camp 372–3 , 375 , 502 ; Białystok massacres 264–5 ; Chełmno extermination camp 371–2 , 373 , 375 , 502 ; children, murder of 363 ; death camps first set up xlv–xlvi , 371–4 ; deportation of from Nazi heartlands 362–3 , 365–6 , 375 , 404 ; Einsatzgruppen and see Einsatzgruppen ; European governments lack of action over pre-war persecution of 51–2 ; Final Solution xlv–xlvi , 263 , 270 , 366–75 , 501–3 ; gas chambers and xlvi , 366 , 373–5 , 501 ; gas vans and 369–71 , 372 , 373 , 375 ; Granatowa Policja (Blue Police) and 268 ; Himmler orders murder of all Jews 263–4 ; Hitler’s anti-Semitism 19 , 20 , 21–2 , 24 , 50–52 , 54–5 , 56 , 57 , 60 , 74 , 78 , 136 , 195 , 254–5 , 263–70 , 281–4 , 449 ; Hunger Plan and 205 , 243 , 473 , 500 ; Kamianets-Podilskyi mass-killings 268–9 , 284 , 363 , 367 ; Kaunas mass-killings 266–7 , 362–3 , 366 ; Kiev mass-killings 281–4 ; Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) 50–51 , 54 ; local groups collaborate with Nazis in murders of 267–9 , 281–2 , 284 , 363 , 365 , 368 , 502 ; Minsk mass-killings 265–6 , 363–6 , 368–9 , 370 ; Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and 74 ; Moscow, outbreak of anti-Semitism in 340–41 ; numbers murdered 501 , 502 ; Poland, atrocities within xlv , xlvi , 77–82 , 83 , 167–8 , 263 , 267–9 , 362 , 365 , 371–5 , 374 n , 502 ; Sobibor concentration camp 373 , 375 , 502 ; Stalin and 60 ; Ukraine mass-killings 268–9 , 281–4 , 363–6 , 367–8 ; Uman mass-killings 367–8 ; Wehrmacht and xlv , 77–8 , 80–81 , 167–8 , 263 , 270 , 363 , 365 , 367–8

Jodl, General Alfred 204 , 208 n , 211 , 251 , 252 , 256 , 257 , 258 , 434