Leslie Peirce - Empress of the East - How a European Slave Girl Became Queen of the Ottoman Empire

Ibid., 1:116.

Ibid., 1:77.

Ibid., 1:77–79.

Ibid., 1:172.

Ibid., 1:76, 204–205.

Ibid., 1:79.

Ibid., 1:114–115.

Andrews and Kalpaklı, Age , 248.

Çavuşoğlu, “16. uü yüzyılda,” 411–412; Havlıoğlu, “On the Margins,” 46. Nisayi gave the same refrain to another memorial poem, this one addressed to the dead prince: “O Sultan Mustafa, what has the merciless monarch done to you?”

The sum of the numerical values of the letters equaled 960 in the Islamic calendar (1553).

Çavuşoğlu, “Şehzade,” 656 (“Bunun gibi işi kim gördi kim işitdi `aceb Ki oğlına kıya bir server-i `Ömer-meşreb.”).

Pedani-Fabris, Relazioni , 74.

Alberi, Relazioni , 1:230ff.

Ibid.; Celalzade, Geschichte , 440ff.

Alberi, Relazioni , 1:232.

Ibid., 1:202.

Necipoğlu, Age , 204.

TSMA, E 5038. Uluçay erroneously dates the letter to 1548 ( Osmanlı sultanlarına , 42–43).

The shah was accursed because he was a religious deviant in the sunni eyes of the Ottomans—not only shi`i but a deviant shi`i.

Abdullah, Meaning , 981.

Alberi, Relazioni , 1:236.

Ibid., 204–205.

Ibid., 249–250; Hammer, Histoire , 6:62.

Veinstein, “Süleyman”; Finkel, Osman’s Dream , 135.

Alberi, Relazioni , 1:154–156.

Ibid., 1:268–269.

Turan, Kanuni’nin oğlu.

Ibid., 21.

Necipoğlu, Age , 278.

Stephan, “Endowment,” 182.

Ibid., 183.

Necipoğlu, Age , 278.

Singer, Constructing , 76.

Ibid., 3.

Stephan, “Endowment,” 178.

Herrin, Women , 2, 245.

Holum and Vikan, “Jerusalem,” 1033–1034.

Burgoyne, Jerusalem , 485–487.

Stephan, “Endowment,” 173.

Holum, Empresses , 24, 26, 188.

Heyd, Documents , 162–184 and passim.

Stephan, “Endowment,” 173.

Baysun, “Mihr-ü-Mah Sultan,” 308.

Celalzade, Geschichte , 239a.

Singer, Constructing , 76.

Quoted in Necipoğlu, Age , 269–271.

Emecen, “Kara Ahmed,” 358; Hammer, Histoire , 6:85–88.

Peçevi, Tarih , 243; Solakzade, Tarih , 1:246–247.

The remainder of this section is adapted from Peirce, Imperial Harem , 219–228.

Shah Tahmasb , 343–346. Thanks to Kathryn Babayan for alerting me to this letter and translating it.

Feridun, Münşeat , 2:65–66.

Skilliter, “Catherine,” 47.

Skilliter, “Three Letters,” 138–139 (slight changes have been made in the translation).

Busbecq, Letters , 81–82.

Ibid., 83.

Alberi, Relazioni , 3:134–135, 148–149; Dernschwam, Diary , 332.

Alberi, Relazioni , 3:148.

Necipoğlu, Age , 278–279.

Busbecq, Letters , 39–40.

Charièrre, Négotiations , 2: 464–465n1.

Kutbeddin, Travelogue , 73.

Ibid., 78.

Turan, Kanuni’nin oğlu , 208–210.

Alberi, Relazioni , 3:184.

Ibid., 185.

Busbecq, Letters , 80.

Alberi, Relazioni , 3:180.

Turan, Kanuni’nin oğlu , 6ff., passim.

Alberi, Relazioni , 3:164.

Peçevi, Tarih , 1:272ff.; Solakzade, Tarih , 1:264ff.

On the changing character of interregnums, see Vatan and Veinstein, Sérail .

Selaniki, Tarih .

Finkel, Osman’s Dream , 151–153; Selaniki, Tarih , 40ff.

Ayvansarayı, Garden , 20.

Kepecioğlu, “Tarihi Bilgiler,” 405ff.

Spagni, “Sultana,” 320–321.

In order, the founders were Kosem, Turhan, Gülnüş, Bezmialem, and Pertevniyal (queen mothers); Mahmud I/Osman III, Mustafa III, and Ahmed III (sultans).

Rosedale, Queen Elizabeth , 27–28.

Spagni, “Sultana,” 333.

Selaniki, Tarih , 826.

Weil, “Crown,” 4.