Leslie Peirce - Empress of the East - How a European Slave Girl Became Queen of the Ottoman Empire

Ayvansarayı, Garden , 18.

Uluçay, “Notlar,” 250.

Hammer, Histoire , 5:385.

Bassano, Costumi , chap. 19.

Uluçay, “Notlar,” 2 50.

Hammer, Histoire , 5:386; Uluçay, Padişahların kadınları , 40–42.

For a detailed description, see Sumner-Boyd and Freely, Strolling , 200ff.

Alberi, Relazioni , 1:76, 116.

Quoted in Necipoğlu, Age , 194.

Alberi, Relazioni , 1:116.

Akgündüz, Osmanlı , 9:167–168.

Barkan, Istanbul , 4–5.

Alberi, Relazioni , 1:90.

Pedani-Fabris, Relazioni , 47ff.

Alderson, Structure , tables 30 and 31.

Mihrumah’s daughter is better known as Huma Shah Aisha; she is called Aisha in this book to avoid confusion with her cousin Huma Shah.

Busbecq, Letters , 65.

Alberi, Relazioni , 1:72.

TSMA, E 5859.

Alberi, Relazioni , 1:72–73.

Ibid., 1:77.

Ibid., 1:73.

TSMA, E 11480/1; Uluçay, Osmanlı sultanlarına , 40, 42.

Alberi, Relazioni , 1:90.

Hammer, Histoire , 6:6.

Alberi, Relazioni , 3:[96].

`Ali, Künh , 124a.

Busbecq, Letters , 29.

Pedani-Fabris, Relazioni , 74.

Ibid., 82.

Skilliter, “Three Letters,” doc. 11.

Uçtum, “Hürrem,” 712.

Alberi, Relazioni , 1:159.

Uçtum, “Hürrem,” 709; Sokolniki, “La sultane,” 236. Thanks to Dariusz Kolodziejczyk for confirming that the claim is unsubstantiated.

Hammer, Histoire , 6:8.

Peçevi, Tarih , 1:192; Solakzade, Tarih , 2:212–213.

Peçevi, Tarih , 1:191.

`Ali, Künh , 69a–b; Peçevi, Tarih , 1:192; Hammer, Histoire , 6:8.

Peçevi, Tarih , 1:191; Solakzade, Tarih , 2:212.

Charrière, Négotiations , 2:4.

Ibid., 2:44–45.

Pedani-Fabris, Relazioni , 73.

Alberi, Relazioni , 1:90.

Ibid., 1:70–71.

TSMA, E 5859.

The Turkish word for “foot,” ayak , can also mean “leg.”

Charrière, Négotiations , 2:103.

TSMA, E 5859.

Chesneau, Voyage , 163.

Hammer, Histoire , 6:14.

Alberi, Relazioni , 1:76.

Charrière, Négotiations , 2:89.

Chesneau, Voyage , 102–103.

Hammer, Histoire , 6:461–463 (note 1 lists all stops along the route).

Hammer, Histoire , 6:13–14.

Fetvacı, Picturing , 19.

Ibid., 35–36.

Ayvansarayı, Garden , 319.

Necipoğlu, Age , 276, 278.

Magdalino, “Foundation,” 37.

Kafesçioğlu, Constantinopolis , 22, 99.

Magdalino, “Foundation,” 38, 47, 53–54.

Taşkıran, Hasekinin kitabı , 133.

Kürkçüoğlu, Süleymaniye vakfiyesi , 40–41. The syntax of the original has been slightly altered to make it comport with English.

See also Necipoğlu, Age , 273.

Taşkıran, Hasekinin kitabı , 133–134.

Alberi, Relazioni , 1:77.

Hammer, Histoire , 6:26ff; Veinstein, “Sokollu.”

Peçevi, Tarih , 1:213; Solakzade, Tarih , 2:229–230 (both following `Ali, Künh , quoted in Turan, Kanuni’nin oğlu , 27); Hammer, Histoire , 6:54.

Solakzade, Tarih , 2:229.

Peçevi, Tarih , 1:213. Peçevi relayed the account of Şemsi Agha (later Şemsi Ahmed Pasha), one of the messengers Rustem sent to the sultan.

Alberi, Relazioni , 1:77.

Hammer, Histoire , 6:57.

Altundağ and Turan, “Rüstem,” 800–801. This view of Roxelana as a malevolent schemer stems primarily from the judgment, perhaps first put forth by Mustafa `Ali, that Mustafa’s execution was a disaster for the Ottoman state, that she was responsible for it, and that Suleyman was helpless is the face of her intrigues. This view has persisted in the work of a remarkable number of well-respected twentieth-century scholars.

Most notable was Mustafa `Ali, who served Selim II, the son whom Roxelana apparently disfavored in her last years (Turan, Kanuni’nin oğlu, 2–3).

The authors of these views include Mustafa `Ali (d. 1600), Künh ; Hammer (d. 1856), Histoire ; and M. T. Gökbilgin (d. 1981), various writings.

Pedani-Fabris, Relazioni , 76; Alberi, Relazioni , 1:89.

Charrière, Négotiations , 2:104–105.

An exception is Turan, Kanuni’nin oğlu ; this does not mean he exonerates Roxelana.

Pedani-Fabris, Relazioni , 74; Alberi, Relazioni , 1:77.

Busbecq, Letters , 158.

Turan, Kanuni’nin oğlu, 24.

Alberi, Relazioni , 1:240–242.

Alberi, Relazioni , 1:116.