Leslie Peirce - Empress of the East - How a European Slave Girl Became Queen of the Ottoman Empire

Alberi, Relazioni , 3:102.

Angiolello, Historia , 128.

For more on birth control, see Chapter 7.

Alberi, Relazioni , 3:78, 96.

Ibid., 3:102.

Bassano, Costumi , chap. 15.

Hammer, Histoire , 5:63.

Alberi, Relazioni , 3:78.

On the execution, see Danişmend, İzahlı , 2:5; Peirce, Imperial Harem , 85.

Peirce, Imperial Harem , 85.

Finkel, Osman’s Dream , 98.

Ibid., 100–103.

Gökbilgin, “Süleyman,” 100.

Hammer, Histoire , 5:10.

Alberi, Relazioni , 3:58.

Sanuto, Diarii , 25:352.

Sanuto, Diarii , 41:534–535.

Veinstein, “Süleyman.”

Inalcık, “Istanbul.” Inalcık emphasizes that estimates vary widely.

Other children may have died in infancy and not entered the historical record.

Alberi, Relazioni , 1:74–75.

Finkel, Osman’s Dream , 117, 122.

TSMA, E 5662 (also in Uluçay, Osmanlı sultanlarına , 29–33).

Thanks to Robert Dankoff for his invaluable help with translation and interpretation.

TSMA, E 5426.

Tezcan, Tılsımlı gömlekler , passim.

Again, thanks to Robert Dankoff for sorting out this passage.

See Chapter Three, 35.

TSMA, E 5426.

Sanuto, Diarii , 42, quoted in Hammer, Histoire , 5:87n1.

Alberi, Relazioni , 3:102.

Ibid., 102.

BOA, D 743, D 8030.

Uluçay, Haremden mektuplar , 36–40.

Angiolello, Historia , 69–70.

Reindl, Bayezid , 77.

Sakaoğlu, Kadın sultanları , 141, 148.

BOA, D 8030, f. 2a.

Seng, “Standing,” 204.

Celalzade, Selim-nâme , 336.

Uluçay, “Notlar,” 231.

Uluçay, Manisa’daki Saray-ı Amire .

Sanuto, Diarii , 29:549.

Alberi, Relazioni , 3:103.

Ibid., 103.

Ibid., 102.

Alberi, Relazioni , 1:74–75.

See Peirce, Imperial Harem , 36–37, for the probable concubine status of Orhan’s consort Nilufer, mother of his successor, Murad I.

Menavino, Libri , 134.

Reindl, Bayezid , 77. Seven of the princes were Bayezid’s sons; the other (Oğuz Han) was Cem Sultan’s.

Yelçe, “Evaluating,” 77–79.

In fact, the original plan was to include all Suleyman’s sons, but Bayezid was withdrawn (ibid., 87); a possible explanation is that Roxelana was pregnant at the time and she might (as she did) give birth to another son to anchor another circumcision celebration with Bayezid.

This account of the festival relies on Hammer, Histoire , 5:139–145 (drawing on Ottoman historians Celalzade Mustafa, Ibrahim Peçevi, Solakzade Mehmed, and others). Other sources differ on the date of the festival opening (e.g., June 1, July 27).

Richardson, Renaissance Monarchy , 41ff.

Yelçe, “Evaluating,” 93.

Peçevi, Tarih , 1:116.

Sanuto, Diarii , 57:632–633.

Alberi, Relazioni , 1:13.

Musallam, Sex , chap. 1 (“Why Islam permitted contraception”).

Ibid., 61ff.

Alberi, Relazioni , 3:101.

Celalzade, Geschichte , 239b–240a.

Peçevi, Tarih , 1:127.

Sanuto, Diarii , 56:263–264.

Alberi, Relazioni , 1:29.

Peçevi, Tarih , 1:131; Solakzade, Tarih , 2:181.

Finkel, Osman’s Dream , 106.

Busbecq, Letters , 118.

Alberi, Relazioni , 1:360.

Bassano, Costumi , chap. 13.

Alberi, Relazioni , 1:52–53.

Necipoğlu, Architecture , 162–163, 261.

BOA, Maliyeden Müdevver 5633.

Alberi, Relazioni , 3:48.

Bassano, Costumi , chap. 5.

Hathaway, “Eunuchs,” passim; Ringrose, Perfect Servant , passim.

Angiolello, Historia , quoted in Miller, Sublime Porte , 91.

Bassano, Costumi , chap. 13.

Babinger, “Bassano.”

Dursteler, Venetians , passim.

Tavernier, Relation .

Düzdağ, Fetvalar , 55.

Public Record Office (UK), S.P. 102/61/237.

Necipoğlu, Architecture , xi.

Necipoğlu, Architecture , xi and passim.

Ibid., 32, plate 10.

Bobovius, Mémoire , f. 278.

Canaye, Voyage , 64–72, 237–240.

Alberi, Relazioni , 3:116–117.

Necipoğlu, Architecture , 85.

Solakzade, Tarih , 268–269 [1879].

Necipoğlu, Architecture , 189.

Ibid., 184–190.