Madeleine Albright - Fascism - A Warning

Fermor, Patrick Leigh, A Time for Gifts (“That night at the Inn”), 29, 260n29

financial crisis of 2008, 113

Finland: True Finns, 182

France

Fascism in and Solidarité Française, 59

German invasion, 47

immigration and Muslim population, 181

Maastricht Treaty and the EU, 179

Mussolini’s rejection of alliance, 44

National Front political party, 182

Socialist Party in, 59

Spanish refugees and, 52

Franco, Francisco, 46, 49–53, 59, 69

Franklin, Benjamin, 114, 207

Freud, Sigmund, 12

Freedom House, 4

Galton, Francis, 12

Gandhi, Mahatma, 15, 126

Garfield, James, 227

Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 23, 207

Gauland, Alexander, 182

Georgetown University, Walsh School, 90n

Albright’s course and students, 8–11, 218, 232–37

George V, King of England, 58

Georgia (country), 80, 97

German American Bund (GAB), 61–62

Germany: Nazi Germany, 29–42, 47–48, 60–64, 66, 76–78

anti-Semitism of, 33, 34, 38

appeal of Fascism and popular support for, 41, 63–64, 119

“Aryan” label and, 60

assassination of political rivals in, 46

assault on democracy, 36–38

assault on the media, 38, 40

brown-shirted Sturmabteilung (SA), 30, 33, 38–39, 58

conditions for Fascism and, 32–33, 35–36

dictatorship of, 82

economic boom in, 41–42

Enabling Law, 30–31, 38

Fascist salute and, 34

flag of, 34

Gestapo in, 38, 72

grievances after World War I, 29, 32, 33, 191

growth of the Nazi party, 33–37

Hitler becomes chancellor, 29–30, 37

“Hitler myth,” 76–77

Hitler’s oratory and, 33–34

nationalism and, 44, 56, 95

“the Night of the Long Knives,” 39

origins in German Workers’ Party, later National Socialist German Workers Party, 33

platform of, 9, 33

propaganda of, 40–41, 81

quest for Lebensraum , 70, 208

revolution of, 37–38

rise of the Third Reich, 30–31, 33–37

secret police, 30

slogan of, 52

Social Democrats in, 30–31, 36

Soviet Union and, 49, 69–70

swastika and, 29–30, 30n, 34

tactics of persuasion, 40–41, 184–85

Weimar Republic failure and, 32–33

women in the workforce, 73

See also Hitler, Adolf

Germany: post-war and contemporary

Alternative for Germany (AfD) and rebirth of nationalism in, 181–82, 183

as economic model for Turkey, 139

fall of the Berlin Wall, 3, 93, 106, 156, 159, 168, 175

Merkel as chancellor, 182, 220

public opinion of Trump in, 220

Putin in East Germany, 156

refugee crisis and immigration, 181–82

See also European Union

globalization, 115, 140

Global Magnitsky Act, 220

Goebbels, Joseph, 38, 58, 76, 185, 227

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 159

Göring, Hermann, 70–71

Gorky, Maxim, 81

Gottwald, Klement, 83, 86

Grandi, Dino, 74–75

Grant, Ulysses S., 227

Great Depression, 35, 36, 41, 49, 157

populism and, 226

Great Dictator, The (film), 43, 43n, 45, 78

Greece, 13, 48–49, 69, 88, 93

EU funds for, 182

Golden Dawn political party, 182

Guatemala, 111, 228

Gülen, Fethullah, 148–50

Gulen Institute, 148–49

Gulf War, 157

Haiti, 97

Haley, Nikki, 212

Hanks, Tom, 236

Harding, Warren, 6

Havel, Václav, 3, 4, 126, 170

Hemingway, Ernest, 50

Henlein, Konrad, 59–60

Henry, Patrick, 209

Hindenburg, Oskar von, 37

Hindenburg, Paul von, 36–37, 39, 86

Hitler, Adolf, 28, 29–42, 77–78, 120

anti-Communism of, 30, 33, 35, 37

anti-Semitism of, 34, 38, 40

appeal of, 63

appeasement of, by European governments, 101

assassination attempt on, 73

assumption of power (March 23, 1933), 29–30, 37, 39

background and family, 31

belief in destiny, 34, 42, 44, 73

birth of, 31, 43

Brecht’s play parodying rise of, 225–26

Brownshirts and, 30, 33, 34, 38–39, 58

Chaplin film, The Great Dictator and, 43, 43n, 45, 78

character and personality, 31, 39–40, 80, 102

constitutional power and, 110–11

contrasted with Stalin, 80–81

early accolades for, 41

as embodiment of Fascism, 72

Enabling Law and, 30–31, 35–36

escorted to Prague Castle, 1

expansionist desires, 70, 208

flag design by, 34

Franco, Spain, and, 49, 52–53

Gestapo formed, 38

his explanation of his popularity, 244

lies told by, 41

Mein Kampf , 35, 41, 44

memoir of a British traveler and, 29

militarization of Germany and, 42

Mussolini and, 44–46, 47–48, 168

Nazi party formed, 33

Nazi platform and, 33

opinions on the U.S., 207–8

as public speaker, 30–31, 33–34, 40

putsch attempt and jailing (1923), 34–35, 125–26

ruthlessness of, 46, 81

self-image, 31, 34, 40, 53, 71–72, 77

spectacle and showmanship, 34

strategy of “policy of legality,” 35

vision for women, 73

wealthy backers of, 229

“we are barbarians,” 38

in World War I, 31–32

Holocaust, 104

Albright’s family members perished in, 2, 66

American liberation of Buchenwald, 77

British liberation of Bergen-Belsen, 77

Czechoslovak Jews in, 66

Russian liberation of Majdanek and Auschwitz death camps, 77

Terezín concentration camp, 66

Honduras, 111

Hoover, Herbert, 6

human rights

Albright’s work on, 106, 213–14

Carter presidency and, 92

China and, 213, 222

Clinton presidency and, 106–7

Global Magnitsky Act and, 220

Human Rights Watch report (2017), 228

Putin’s lack of concern for, 155, 159

repressive governments and pretense of, 168

responsibility for upholding, 214

strongmen leaders and risks to, 243

Trump presidency and, 210, 211, 212, 213, 220

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 105

U.S. intervention for Kim Dae-jung, 214

violations of, Bosnia-Herzegovina, 99

Hungary, 55, 84, 169–74, 248

Albright and, 171

anti-immigrant sentiment in, 184

Budapest’s Heroes Square, 169

corruption in, 173

as democratic republic, 3, 170

dismantling of Austro-Hungarian Empire and lost territory, 55, 172

in the EU, 171, 172, 174

Fascism and the Arrow Cross, 55–56

Fidesz party, 171, 172, 173

illiberal democracy of, 172–74, 176

media/journalism and, 213

nationalism and, 171, 177–78

in NATO, 171

oligarchs in, 173

Orbán and, 169–74, 184

Polish politics and, 174

Socialist Party in, 171

state-sponsored media in, 173

undemocratic practices in, 119

World War II and Holocaust, 56

Hun Sen, 243

Hussein, Saddam, 157, 200, 211

Iceland’s Nationalist Party, 59

illiberal democracy, 172–74, 176, 228

immigration

complexity of issue, 185–87

Europe and, 180–82, 184

hyper-nationalist entities resisting, 183

labor shortages and, 181

motivation for, 186

Muslim populations and, 181

Trump and, 5, 209, 211, 221

in the UK, 181

U.S. policy and, 185, 248

India, 60

Indonesia, 4, 93, 110

Suharto and, 168

International Monetary Fund (IMF), 88

Venezuela and, 125

Iran, 93, 197, 213, 218

North Korea in contrast to, 201

nuclear deal, 201, 203, 221

Iraq

democracy and, 111

Iraq War, 116–17, 200

Islam

Bush’s response to 9/11 and, 237

message from Egyptian and Iranian imams, 140

Kosovo crisis and, 101–5