Madeleine Albright - Fascism - A Warning

foreign policy of, 106–7

Israeli-Palestinian peace and, 199

on leadership, 242

North Korea and, 193–94, 199–200

Clinton, Hillary, 252

Cold War, 83, 84, 93, 223

ending of, 97, 110, 112, 167

nuclear threat during, 2–3

shaping of a generation’s worldview, 156–57

Soviet Union during, 92

in Turkey, 140

Colombia, 127, 134

Communism

as anti-nationalist, 96

in Czechoslovakia, 1, 83–84, 86, 88

disdain for democracy, 79, 156–57

failings of, 82

Fascism contrasted with, 79–82

Hitler’s attack on, 30, 33, 35

Mussolini’s opposition to, 21, 22

in Poland, 175

utopian aspirations, 80

See also Soviet Union

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide, 105

Coolidge, Calvin, 6

Costa Rica, 93

Coughlin, Father Charles, 61

Crimea, 165–66, 218

Croatia, 97–98

Cuba, 127, 128, 130, 132, 213

cyberwarfare, 165

Czech Republic (former Czechoslovakia)

Action of Dissatisfied Citizens movement, 183

Albright’s family escapes (1939), 1, 67

Albright’s family returns (1945–48), 82–87

Beneš as president, 85–86

competition between Communists and democrats, 1, 83–89

elections 2017–2018, 183–84

government-in-exile, 68

Havel and, 3, 4, 170

Henlein and Nazism in, 59–60

Jan Masaryk’s murder, 87, 88

Hitler invades (1939), 1, 101, 218

Korbel in government, 1, 68, 82–83, 85–86

Nazi occupation, 60, 65, 66

postwar years, 82–83

Prague, 143

Prague’s Wenceslas Square, 3, 146

protests (1989), 146

Tomáš Masaryk and, 117–18

Velvet Revolution, 3

Dangerous Rise of Populism , The (Human Rights Watch), 228

Darwin, Charles, 12

democracy

advantages of, 117, 118

asking the right questions about, 241–54

“under assault and in retreat,” 4

condition of today, 109, 168

“curate’s egg” analogy, 108, 113, 117

demands of the electorate, 116

development of, NDI and similar groups, 109–11

disdain of, by Fascists and Communists, 79, 81, 156–57

Economist ’s Democracy Index 2017, 112

failure of democratic idealism following World War I, 13–14

growth of Fascism within, 9

illiberal democracy, 172–74, 176, 228

in Latin America, 4, 168

nations considered democracies today, 113

promoting values of, 117

questions about prospective leaders and, 253

Reagan’s support for, 92

remedy available for errors in, 117

renaissance of, post–Cold War, 3–4, 167–68

representative democracy challenged by alternatives, 113

traditional social contract and, 11

Trump and, 5, 7, 220, 246

U.S., taking for granted, 2

U.S. and nation-building efforts, 116–17

U.S. ranked as “flawed democracy” in 2017, 112–13

as view of life, 118

Wilson’s idealism, 13

See also specific countries

dictatorships, 11, 82, 110, 117, 191, 214, 243

Nixon’s “free world” partners, 93

Duterte, Rodrigo, 5, 209–10, 246

Trump and, 210

Economist, The , Democracy Index, 112–13

Ecuador, 132

Egypt, 93, 140, 146, 210

Eichmann, Adolf, 123

Eisenhower, Dwight D., “Atoms for Peace” program, 92

Elena, Queen of Italy, 25

El Salvador, 111

Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 137–53, 243, 246, 248

accumulating power in Turkey, 145–46, 150–51, 211

as AKP leader, 138, 141, 142, 144–46

Albright in Turkey and meetings with, 143–45, 151

appearance, 141–42

arrest of (1997), 137–38

attempted coup against (2016), 147–49

authoritarianism of, 150–51, 153

background and family, 138–39

mandatory religious instruction and, 146

Orbán’s admiration of, 172

repressive measures by, 149–50

as Turkey’s prime minister, 142, 143–53, 211

Vision 2023 agenda, 152

Ethiopia, 25, 44, 45, 46

Europe

Balkans and Bosnian war, 97–100

conflicts in former Soviet states, 97

democracy rebirth in Central Europe, 110

Fascism in and appeal of, 13, 20, 58–59, 60, 63–64, 119 ( see also Mussolini, Benito; Hitler, Adolf)

hyper-nationalist entities in, 182–83

illegal immigration to, 186

labor shortages and promotion of immigration, 181

left-wing labor politics in, 16

Marshall Plan and, 6, 84

Munich Pact, 60

Muslim population of, 181

nationalism in, 178, 182

nativism vs. cosmopolitanism, 181

NATO and, 88

neo-Nazis in, 183

populism in, 228

post–World War I, 13

refugee crisis, 181–82, 248

terrorism in, 181

Turkish diaspora in, 151

unification, vision for, 4, 92

See also European Union; World War I; World War II; specific countries

European Union (EU), 97, 115–16

Brexit movement, 181

Central Europeans break from Moscow and, 179–80

economic success of, 179

four dangers to, 220

human rights and, 105

Hungary and, 171, 172, 174

immigration problem and, 180–81

intrusive regulations of, 180

less wealthy states in, 179

Poland and, 176

popular attitudes toward, 179–80

problem of ethnic identity and, 180

refugee requirements for member countries, 183, 184

as top-down enterprise, 179, 180

Turkey and, 139, 144–45, 151, 152

unification of Europe, vision for, 178–79

Evita (musical), 132

Facebook

fake news on, 10

use of by foreign regimes, 10, 164

Fascism

appeal of, 20, 63–64, 119

autocracy and, 11

autocrats copying tactics of, 119

birth of, early twentieth century, 12–13, 20

Brecht’s play on, 225–26

characteristics, 8–9, 11, 24–25, 182, 229

conditions that nourish, 61, 111–14, 118, 138, 235, 242–43

contemporary leaders and, 119–20

contrasted to Communism, 80, 81–82

demagoguery and, 91–92

disdain for democracy, 79, 81

fear and emotional reach of, 8, 9

fear of Communism and, 93

holding the line against, 119–20

Holocaust and, 2

as increasing threat, 245

internal surveillance and, 24

Levi’s argument on, 223

as a means for seizing and holding power, 9

Mussolini’s definition, 79

Mussolini’s observation about accumulating power (plucking the chicken), 118, 119–20, 126, 229–30

nationalism and, 11, 95–97, 182

Paxton on, 11

popular use of the term, 7–8, 227

populism and, 225–26, 229

related concepts, 11

salute of, 23, 23n, 27

signposts warning of, 118, 223

Spanish Civil War and, 50

tactics of leadership, 9–10

the traditional social contract and, 11

two types of Fascists, 229

utopian aspirations, 80

vigilante movies and, 242

Wallace remark about, 227

wealthy backers of, 17, 229

World War I’s devastation and, 88

See also Hitler, Adolf; Mussolini, Benito; specific countries

Fascist leadership

accumulating power and, 10, 22–25, 86, 126, 145–46, 150–51, 159–60, 162–64, 210–11, 234

characteristics of, 9–11, 25

control of information by, 10, 24, 145–46, 149, 162, 176, 212

demagoguery of, 242

desire for strong leadership and, 242–44, 246–47

elected to office, 234

Hitler as, 29–42

Kim Jong-un as, 192, 202–4, 211, 246

links between contemporary figures and, 246–47

Mussolini as, 15–28

popular support for, 12, 244

See also Hitler, Adolf; Mussolini, Benito; specific leaders