Christopher Andrew - The Sword and the Shield

158. Modin, My Five Cambridge Friends, pp. 221-4, 229-32; Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, pp. 406-7. Blunt finally confessed in 1964 in return for a guarantee of immunity from prosecution. He was not publicly identified as a former Soviet agent until 1979.

159. Philby, My Silent War, ch. 12; Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, pp. 407-8; Knightley, Philby, pp. 147-8; Modin, My Five Cambridge Friends, pp. 224, 228-32.

160. Borovik, The Philby Files, p. 284.

161. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, pp. 24-6.

1. t-7,12; k-13,267; vol. 6, ch. 5, part 1. Mitrokhin’s notes omit to record Grigulevich’s alias as a Costa Rican diplomat, but the other details he provides (for example, the fact that on May 14, 1952 Grigulevich presented his letters of credence as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Costa Rica in Rome to the Italian president, Luigi Einaudi) clearly identify Grigulevich as “Teodoro B. Castro.” The members of the Costa Rican delegation to the Sixth Session of the UN General Assembly are listed in United Nations, Official Records of the General Assembly Sixth Session, Plenary Meetings, p. xiv.

2. See above, chapter 6.

3. k-13,370.

4. k-13,267; k-26,194. The two other leading members of the Costa Rican delegation to Rome were Francisco Orlich, Minister of Public Works, and Daniel Oduber, ambassador in Paris (later president of Costa Rica from 1974 to 1978, and in 1980 deputy chairman of the Socialist International). Grigulevich appears to have won their confidence, too; his wife was received by them when she visited Costa Rica in 1952. On Figueres’s role in restoring constitutional government in Costa Rica, see Bird, Costa Rica, ch. 10.

5. k-13,267.

6. Acheson, Present at the Creation, pp. 580-1.

7. k-13,267; t-7,12; vol. 6, ch. 5, part 1. United Nations, Official Records of the General Assembly Sixth Session, Ad Hoc Political Committee, p. 20.

8. k-13,267.

9. See above, chapter 9.

10. The VENONA decrypts led to very few arrests of Soviet spies, largely because SIGINT was considered too secret to be used in court, even in closed session. Even had it been used, it would have been open to a variety of legal challenges.

11. See above, chapters 7-8.

12. Klehr and Haynes, The American Communist Movement, ch. 4.

13. See above, chapter 9.

14. The Illegals Directorate planned a network of 28 “documentation agents” in Austria, 24 in East Germany, 24 in West Germany, 15 in France, 13 in the United States, 12 in Britain, 12 in Italy, 10 in Canada, 10 in Belgium, 9 in Mexico, 8 in Iran, 6 in Lebanon and 6 in Turkey (vol. 6, ch. 5, part 4). The large number of agents in Germany and Austria reflected the high proportion of Soviet illegals posing as refugees from East Germany.

15. Operations officers specializing in illegal documentation were posted to the legal residencies in New York, Washington, Ottawa, Mexico City, Buenos Aires, London, Paris, Rome, Brussels, The Hague, Copenhagen, Oslo, Stockholm, Helsinki, Vienna, Athens, Istanbul, Tehran, Beirut, Calcutta, Karachi and Cairo. Those posted to New York were M. N. Korneyev, V. N. Danilin and A. M. Tikhomirov. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 4.

16. See above, chapter 9.

17. vol. 7, ch. 11, item 2.

18. vol. 8, ch. 8.

19. Sawatsky, For Services Rendered, p. 34.

20. vol. 8, ch. 8, paras. 5-6.

21. vol. 8, ch. 8, para. 7.

22. Sawatsky, For Services Rendered, p. 34.

23. Soboloff’s father had left Canada to work at Magnitogorsk in 1931. David and his mother followed in 1935. vol. 8, ch. 8, para. 7.

24. Sawatsky, For Services Rendered, pp. 38-40.

25. Though the KGB file noted by Mitrokhin names HART’s lover, it seems unfair to identify her.

26. vol. 8, ch. 8, paras. 14, 18.

27. Sawatsky, For Services Rendered, pp. 44-53, 66-7. Interviews by Christopher Andrew with Terry Guernsey in Toronto, October 1991.

28. vol. 8, ch. 2. On the Centre’s criticisms of the Ottawa residency see above, pp. 180-1.

29. vol. 8, ch. 8, para. 9.

30. Sawatsky, For Services Rendered, pp. 53-4.

31. vol. 8, ch. 8, para. 9. On EMMA, see also k-8,82.

32. On Hambleton’s career prior to his recruitment, see Heaps, Hugh Hambleton, Spy; Granatstein and Stafford, Spy Wars, ch. 8; Barron, KGB Today, ch. 9.

33. vol. 8, ch. 8; vol. 8, app. 1, item 87.

34. See below, chapter 12.

35. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 2.

36. vol. 8, ch. 8; vol. 6, ch. 5, part 2.

37. vol. 8, ch. 8, paras. 11, 20.

38. Sawatsky, For Services Rendered, pp. 64-71.

39. vol. 8, ch. 8, paras. 10,20.

40. Sawatsky, For Services Rendered, p. 27.

41. vol. 8, ch. 8, para. 14.

42. vol. 8, ch. 8, paras. 10, 12.

43. vol. 8, ch. 8, para. 13.

44. vol. 8, ch. 8, paras. 15, 20.

45. vol. 8, ch. 8, para. 16. Remarkably, HART survived fifteen years’ imprisonment (five in solitary confinement, three in a normal prison cell and seven in labor camp), and was later exfiltrated to the West by SIS. He now lives in Canada.

46. vol. 8, ch. 8, para. 20. In January 1964 a KGB officer traveling to Winnipeg with a scientific and cultural delegation and the Igor Moiseyev Folk Dance Group tried to reestablish contact with Morrison, but without success. An investigation by agent ANTHEA then established that he had moved house. The Centre later planned to involve Morrison in the hunt for two illegals, Yevgeni Runge (MAKS) and Valentina Rush (ZINA), who defected to the CIA in Berlin in 1967. But though attempts by the Ottawa residency to locate Morrison continued intermittently until 1974 they were unsuccessful (vol. 6, ch. 5, part 5; vol. 8, ch. 8, para. 21). In May 1986 Morrison was sentenced to eighteen months in jail for offenses against the Official Secrets Act (Granatstein and Stafford, Spy Wars, p. 149).

47. vol. 8, ch. 8, para. 19.

48. k-4,207; k-11,130. From 1961 to 1964 Grinchenko worked in Cuba as a consultant to the illegals directorate of the DGI; k-11,130.

49. On Fisher, see above, chapter 9.

50. Olavi Åhman (codenamed VIRTANEN) was a veteran of the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 2; k-27,451.

51. Bernikow, Abel, chs. 2-3.

52. The message was finally decrypted in 1957, with the assistance of cipher material given by VIK to the FBI and other material discovered by the Bureau in MARK’s flat after his arrest. Lamphere, The FBI-KGB War, pp. 270-1, 274-5.

53. k-3,80; k-8,83. ORIZO’s main motivation seems to have been financial. In Paris, he had been paid 40,000 francs a month; Mitrokhin’s notes do not indicate how much he was paid in New York.

54. k-8,91.

55. k-3,80. ORIZO continued work as a Soviet agent until 1980.

56. Bernikow, Abel, pp. 171-2.

57. Bernikow, Abel, chs. 3-4. Even after his arrest, MARK failed to realize that VIK had never been under surveillance by the FBI. He told his lawyer that “he now believed that Hayhanen had been secretly apprehended in December [1956] by the FBI and had met [him] thereafter on orders from Federal agents” (Donovan, Strangers on a Bridge, p. 39).

58. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 2.

59. Bernikow, Abel, pp. 86-95.

60. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 2.

61. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 2.

62. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 2, n. 11.

63. Donovan, Strangers on a Bridge, pp. 179-80; Bernikow, Abel, pp. 242-4.

64. Donovan, Strangers on a Bridge, p. 257.

65. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 2.