Christopher Andrew - The Sword and the Shield

80. vol. 6, ch. 11, part 2.

81. vol. 6, ch. 11, part 2. On Kopatzky’s recruitment by the CIA, see also Murphy, Kondrashev and Bailey, Battleground Berlin, pp. 110-12.

82. vol. 6, ch. 11, part 2.

83. See below, chapter 11.

84. Kopatzky’s case officers were Komarov, Galiguzov, Krasavin, V. V. Grankin, Krishchenko, Borisov, Komev, Fedorchenko, Melnikov, Chaikovsky, P. A. Shilov, Govorkov, Ye. P. Pitovranov, V. G. Likhachev, V. M. Biryukov, A. Ya. Zinchenko, Ya. F. Oleynik, M. I. Kuryshev, Yu. I. Arsenev, G. G. Fedorenko, Makarov, Myakotnykh, Sevastyanov, and the illegal DIMA. vol. 6, ch. 11, part 2.

85. Andrei Zhdanov told the founding meeting of Cominform (the post-war successor of Comintern) in September 1947 that “the principal driving force of the imperialist camp is the USA. Allied with it are Britain and France.” Zhdanov, The International Situation.

86. k-11,112-13; k-7,84.

87. Buton, Les lendemains qui déchantent; Mortimer, The Rise of the French Communist Party, chs. 9, 10; Wolton, La France sous influence, chs. 1, 2.

88. vol. 9, ch. 1.

89. Zubok and Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War, p. 15.

90. vol. 9, ch. 1.

91. k-11,112-13; k-7,84.

92. vol. 9, ch. 1.

93. vol. 9, ch. 1, para. 86. Mitrokhin’s notes contain very little information on the content of reports from the post-war Paris residency.

94. Dewavrin had resigned as head of SDECE in February 1946.

95. Vosjoli, Lamia, ch. 6; Porch, The French Secret Services, ch. 11.

96. vol. 9, ch. 1, para. 17.

97. k-6,91. WEST’s other “contacts” in the DGER/SDECE, included members of the Italian and Spanish sections, and PASCAL who in 1946 was posted abroad.

98. k-6,92.

99. Recollection of the KGB defector Peter Deriabin: Schecter and Deriabin, The Spy Who Saved the World, p. 237 n.

100. Wolton, La France sous influence, pp. 78-9; Buton, Les lendemains qui déchantent, p. 259.

101. t-1,24; t-2,25. Manac’h’s other case officers were M. M. Baklanov, Tikhonov, Kiselev, Nagornov and S. I. Gavrilov.

102. k-4,32,176,179; t-1,42.

103. vol. 9, ch. 1, para. 6.

104. vol. 9, ch. 1, paras. 18-19.

105. vol. 9, ch. 1, para. 31.

106. vol. 9, ch. 1, para. 51. The Paris residency, however, complained of continuing staff shortages. In 1948 the Paris residency had a total of eighteen operational officers and technical support staff. Nine further intelligence officers whom the Centre had intended to send to Paris were refused visas. Attempts were made, with only limited success, to make good the shortfall both by setting up a new illegal residency and by coopting residency translators and typists as well as staff from the Soviet embassy, trade and other missions for operational intelligence work. vol. 9, ch. 1, para. 50.

107. See below, chapter 27.

108. Modin, My Five Cambridge Friends, pp. 159, 165. 109. Rees, A Chapter of Accidents, p. 7; Penrose and Freeman, Conspiracy of Silence, pp. 324-7.

110. vol. 7, ch. 10, para. 9.

111. vol. 7, ch. 10.

112. Cecil, A Divided Life, chs. 6, 7.

113. The Times (January 2, 1951).

114. Minute by Maclean (December 21, 1950), PRO FO 371/81613 AU 1013/52.

115. Philby, My Silent War, p. 134.

116. Though six telegrams in 1945 referred to Philby under the codename STANLEY, they appear not to have been decrypted until some years later; VENONA decrypts, 5th release, part 1, pp. 263-7, 272, 275-6. A total of thirty telegrams exchanged between the Centre and the London residency, mostly in 1945, were eventually decrypted in whole or in part by Anglo-American codebreakers.

117. Benson and Warner (eds.), VENONA, pp. xxvii-xxviii.

118. Fuchs told his interrogator that his last contact with Soviet intelligence had been in February or March 1949. That may have been his last meeting with his controller. Williams, Klaus Fuchs, Atom Spy, p. 186. See also Gorodetsky, Grand Delusion, ch. 12.

119. Benson and Warner (eds.), VENONA, pp. xxvii-xxviii. The US government lacked the evidence to prosecute Weisband for espionage, but he was sentenced to a year’s imprisonment for contempt after failing to attend a federal grand jury hearing on Communist Party activity.

120. vol. 7, ch. 10, para. 7.

121. Philby, My Silent War, p. 146.

122. See above, chapter 9.

123. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 2. It is unclear from Mitrokhin’s notes whether Philby refused contact with the legal residencies from the moment of his arrival in the United States in 1949 or in the following year. Unsurprisingly, Philby made no mention in his memoirs or published interviews of the failings of the American residencies.

124. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 2. Modin, My Five Cambridge Friends, pp. 186-7.

125. Philby, My Silent War, pp. 151-2. Burgess arrived at the Washington embassy as second secretary in August 1950. On Philby’s house at 4100 Nebraska Avenue, NW, see Kessler, Undercover Washington, pp. 93-5.

126. Newton, The Butcher’s Embrace, pp. 305-11; Knightley, Philby, pp. 167-8.

127. According to HARRY’s KGB file, the out-of-date passport in the name of Kovalik was no. 214595, issued by the State Department in Washington on April 29, 1930. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 2.

128. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 2.

129. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 2. On the use of the Batory to transport Soviet agents to the United States, cf. Budenz, Men Without Faces, pp. 19, 64, 68.

130. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 2.

131. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 2. There is no suggestion that either Senator Flanders or his family were aware that HARRY was a Soviet illegal.

132. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 2.

133. Newton, The Butcher’s Embrace, p. 281.

134. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 2.

135. Newton, The Butcher’s Embrace, pp. 281-2.

136. Philby, My Silent War, pp. 152-4.

137. Cecil, A Divided Life, p. 118.

138. VENONA decrypts, 3rd release, part 1, pp. 240-1.

139. This is acknowledged by Yuri Modin (Modin, My Five Cambridge Friends, p. 199).

140. Philby, My Silent War, p. 156. The KGB claim that the escapades which led to Burgess’s recall were pre-planned is not corroborated by Mitrokhin’s notes; they were much in line with similar, unpremeditated “scrapes” over the previous few years.

141. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 2.

142. Modin, My Five Cambridge Friends, pp. 199-201.

143. Modin, My Five Cambridge Friends, pp. 202-3.

144. Modin, My Five Cambridge Friends, pp. 203-4; Costello and Tsarev, Deadly Illusions, pp. 338-9.

145. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, p. 404; Cecil, A Divided Life, pp. 135ff.

146. vol. 7, ch. 10, para. 16.

147. vol. 7, ch. 10, para. 17.

148. vol. 7, ch. 10, para. 19.

149. Modin, My Five Cambridge Friends, p. 251.

150. vol. 7, ch. 10, para. 19.

151. vol. 7, ch. 10, para. 18.

152. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 2.

153. Philby, My Silent War, pp. 157-9.

154. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 2.

155. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 2. In 1953 the illegal VIK also lost a hollow coin containing a microfilm message.

156. vol. 7, ch. 10, para. 19.

157. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, p. 406; Modin, My Five Cambridge Friends, pp. 213-18. Modin is apparently unaware that Colville had recorded his 1939 meetings with Cairncross in his diary, and is wrongly skeptical of his ability to identify Cairncross as the author of a note describing one of those meetings, found in Burgess’s flat.