Christopher Andrew - The Sword and the Shield

19. Modin, My Five Cambridge Friends, p. 150. Cf. West and Tsarev, The Crown Jewels, pp. 222-6; Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, p. 406.

20. vol. 7, ch. 6, para. 4.

21. vol. 7, ch. 6, para. 1.

22. Mitrokhin’s notes do not give the exact dates of the surveillance team’s presence at the London residency. It arrived late in the war and remained “for several years.” vol. 7, ch. 2, para. 1; ch. 6, para. 5.

23. vol. 7, ch. 10, para. 11.

24. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, pp. 398-9; Boyle, The Climate of Treason, pp. 305, 341, 346-8. Mayhew, Time to Explain, p. 109.

25. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, p. 397. Modin, My Five Cambridge Friends, p. 201. Modin was unable to reveal Rodin’s real name and refers to him by his alias “Korovin.”

26. VENONA decrypts, 3rd release, part 3, pp. 150, 153.

27. Benson and Warner (eds.), VENONA, pp. 61-71. Hoover did not identify Bentley as his source. “At the present time,” he wrote, “it is impossible to determine exactly how many of these people had actual knowledge of the disposition being made of the information they were transmitting.”

28. Weinstein, Perjury, p. 357.

29. Bentley, Out of Bondage, pp. 204-7, 266-7.

30. If the Centre believed Gorsky to have been compromised by Gouzenko’s defection, he would probably have been recalled earlier. By March 1946 the FBI was convinced that Bentley’s defection was known to Silvermaster. Bentley, Out of Bondage, p. 267.

31. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 2. On Bentley’s contact with Pravdin’s wife, see Bentley, Out of Bondage, p. 329.

32. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 2.

33. Modin, My Five Cambridge Friends, p. 133.

34. See below, chapter 9.

35. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, p. 383.

36. See above, chapter 2.

37. Benson and Warner (eds.), VENONA, introduction. Two further studies of the decrypts were published just as this volume was going to press: Haynes and Klehr, VENONA ; and West, VENONA.

38. Interview by Christopher Andrew with the late Dr. Cleveland Cram, October 2, 1996. Dr. Cram was one of the first CIA officers to be indoctrinated into VENONA in November 1952. Some of his recollections were included in the BBC Radio 4 documentary VENONA (written and presented by Christopher Andrew; producers: Mark Burman and Helen Weinstein), first broadcast on March 18, 1998.

39. Andrew, “The VENONA Secret.”

40. Weisband had been recruited in 1934. From 1945 to 1947, however, contact was broken with him as part of the security measures which followed the defection of Elizabeth Bentley. Weinstein and Vassiliev, The Haunted Wood, p. 291.

41. Interviews with Cecil Phillips and Meredith Gardner broadcast in the BBC Radio 4 documentary VENONA (March 18, 1998).

42. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, pp. 388-9; Zubok and Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War, pp. 87-8.

43. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 1. Though initially made subordinate to the Council of Ministers, the Committee of Information was transferred to the Foreign Ministry in 1949; Murphy, Kondrashev and Bailey, Battleground Berlin, pp. 40-1.

44. vol. 7, ch. 6, para. 4.

45. The most detailed available account of the organization and development of the KI is a 24-page report based on information obtained during the debriefing of Vladimir and Yevdokia Petrov, following their defection in 1954: “The Committee of Information (‘KI’) 1947-1951” (November 17, 1954) CRS A6823/XR1/56, Australian Archives, Canberra.

46. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 2; vol. 6, appendix 2, part 7.

47. Dzhirkvelov, Secret Servant, p. 138.

48. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, p. 389. Panyushkin was ambassador in Washington from 1947 to 1951 and head of the FCD from 1953 to 1956.

49. Gromyko, Memories, pp. 318-19.

50. “The Committee of Information (‘KI’) 1947-1951” (November 17, 1954) CRS A6823/XR1/56, Australian Archives, Canberra.

51. “The Committee of Information (‘KI’) 1947-1951” (November 17, 1954) CRS A6823/XR1/56, Australian Archives, Canberra. According to vol. 7, ch. 11, para. 7, the GRU illegal section was not withdrawn from the KI until 1949.

52. t-7,187; vol. 6, ch. 5, part 4, n. 8; vol. 7, ch. 11, para. 5.

53. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 1; vol. 7, ch. 11, para. 7; vol. 7, app. 3, n. 62. On Korotkov’s pre-war career, see Sudoplatovs, Special Tasks, p. 48. The official SVR version of Korotkov’s career makes no mention of his post-war role as head of the Illegals Directorate; Samolis (ed., Veterany Vneshnei Razvedki Rossii, pp. 63-5.

54. Officers are not to be confused with agents, such as Philby.

55. His name appears on his birth certificate as Wilhelm August Fisher. His father, though Russian, came from a family with German origins. On the family background, see Saunders, “Tyneside and the Russian Revolution,” pp. 280-4. Fisher’s true identity was not revealed until after his death in 1971, when Western journalists noticed the name carved on his tombstone.

56. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 2 and n. 6. Cf. Samolis (ed.), Veterany Vneshnei Razvedki Rossii, pp. 156-9.

57. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 2 and n. 6. Fisher’s entry in Samolis (ed.), Veterany Vneshnei Razvedki Rossii (pp. 156-9) refrains from mentioning any of the charges made against him.

58. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 2.

59. vol. 6, ch. 5, parts 1, 2.

60. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 2.

61. Recollections of MARK’s New York friend and fellow artist, Burt Silverman; Bernikow, Abel, pp. 7-20.

62. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 2.

63. Samolis (ed.), Veterany Vneshnei Razvedki Rossii, pp. 68-70. Albright and Kunstel, Bombshell, pp. 179-85.

64. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 2. (Mitrokhin’s note mistranscribes MLAD as MLADA.)

65. Albright and Kunstel, Bombshell, pp. 176-8.

66. Tchikov and Kern, Comment Staline a volé la bombe atomique aux Américains, p. 205.

67. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 2.

68. Samolis (ed.), Veterany Vneshnei Razvedki Rossii, pp. 158-9.

69. Samolis (ed.), Veterany Vneshnei Razvedki Rossii, p. 159.

70. OREL was Sixto Fernandes Donsel; FISH was Antonio Arjonilla Toriblo. vol. 6, app. 1, part 41.

71. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 2.

72. Interviews with Ted Hall and former FBI agent Robert McQueen, first broadcast in the BBC Radio 4 documentary VENONA (written and presented by Christopher Andrew; produced by Mark Burman and Helen Weinstein, March 18, 1998). Albright and Kunstel cite information from “confidential sources” that Hall had four or five meetings in New York with a Soviet agent whom he knew as “Jimmy Stevens” in 1952-3, before finally breaking contact with Soviet intelligence ( Bombshell, ch. 25). Hall acknowledges that he had several meetings with a Soviet contact, but insists that he provided no information during this period (interview with Christopher Andrew, March 11, 1998).

73. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 2.

74. See below, chapter 17.

75. vol. 6, ch. 11, part 2. Kopatzky later claimed to have been born in Kiev on New Year’s Day, 1922 (Wise, Molehunt, p. 183).

76. Wise, Molehunt, p. 184. Save for recording Kopatzky’s date and place of birth, Mitrokhin’s notes from his file contain nothing before 1946.

77. vol. 6, ch. 11, part 2.

78. Wise, Molehunt, pp. 182-3, 199.

79. Murphy, Kondrashev and Bailey, Battleground Berlin, p. 248. The SVR made available to the authors (David Murphy, head of the CIA Berlin station, 1959-61; Sergei Kondrashev, former deputy head of the FCD; George Bailey, former Director of Radio Liberty) a substantial number of files on KGB operations in Berlin before the building of the Wall. Its statement that no Kopatzky file exists—rightly dismissed by the authors as “obviously disingenuous”—is thus all the more extraordinary. The SVR claims that its only record of Kopatzky concerns his visit, under his new name Orlov, to the Soviet embassy in Washington in 1965 when he inquired about possible asylum in the USSR and complained that the FBI was “attempting to obtain an admission that he collaborated with Soviet intelligence while he was in Germany during the 1940s and 1950s.”