Richard Rashke - Useful Enemies

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Useful Enemies: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация

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John “Iwan” Demjanjuk was at the center of one of history’s most complex war crimes trials. But why did it take almost sixty years for the United States to bring him to justice as a Nazi collaborator?
The answer lies in the annals of the Cold War, when fear and paranoia drove American politicians and the U.S. military to recruit “useful” Nazi war criminals to work for the United States in Europe as spies and saboteurs, and to slip them into America through loopholes in U.S. immigration policy. During and after the war, that same immigration policy was used to prevent thousands of Jewish refugees from reaching the shores of America. The long and twisted saga of John Demjanjuk, a postwar immigrant and auto mechanic living a quiet life in Cleveland until 1977, is the final piece in the puzzle of American government deceit. The White House, the Departments of War and State, the FBI, and the CIA supported policies that harbored Nazi war criminals and actively worked to hide and shelter them from those who dared to investigate and deport them. The heroes in this story are men and women such as Congresswoman Elizabeth Holtzman and Justice Department prosecutor Eli Rosenbaum, who worked for decades to hold hearings, find and investigate alleged Nazi war criminals, and successfully prosecute them for visa fraud. But it was not until the conviction of John Demjanjuk in Munich in 2011 as an SS camp guard serving at the Sobibor death camp that this story of deceit can be told for what it is: a shameful chapter in American history.
Riveting and deeply researched,
is the account of one man’s criminal past and its devastating consequences, and the story of how America sacrificed its moral authority in the wake of history’s darkest moment.

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jurisdictional issues, 64, 462, 479, 512

Jüriste, Juhan, 253

Kach Party, 163, 167–68, 480–81, 483

Kahane, Meir, 163, 167, 480

Kaminsky, Anatol, 449

Kapos, 92, 212, 244–45, 523–25

Karbach, Otto, 32, 41–46, 52, 54–56, 73, 83, 104–8, 110, 125, 127, 162, 252, 537–38

Karski, Jan, 12–13, 54

Kempten, Bavaria, 294

Kennan, George F., 326–28, 330–37, 341

Kennedy, John F., 70

Kerch, battle of, xiii, 181–82, 239, 361, 404, 407, 455

Kernmayer, Erich, 440

KGB: and American spy networks, 442, 447, 450, 451; and appeal of Jerusalem verdict, 474–75, 476; and archival documents, 129–30; and denaturalization trial (1981), 172–75, 221, 223, 245; and denaturalization trial (2001), 503, 504–5; and deportation trial (1983), 267–68, 273, 276, 283, 286, 307–13; and Hanusiak, 109–10; and Lebed, 447; and legacy of the Demjanjuk case, 535; and OSI’s Dumpster files, 490; and Sokolov, 540; and war crimes trial (Jerusalem), 348, 358, 395, 408, 426–27; and war crimes trial (Munich), 517, 519; and witness tampering charges, 154

Khrushchev, Nikita, 219, 271, 275, 293

kidnapping squads, 74–76, 269, 279, 297, 298, 336

The Kings and the Pawns (Rein), 324–26

Kissinger, Henry, 105–7

Klarsfeld, Beate, 258

Klaus Barbie and the United States Government (report), 261

Kletsk, Belorussia, 319–20

Klieger, Noah, 480, 484

Kohl, Helmut, 276

Kolar, Martin, 416

Kolbe, Maximilian, 279

Kolesnikova, Natalia, 154, 155–58

Korean War, 36, 102

Kowarik, Karl, 440

Kowlowa, Vera, xvi

Koziy, Bodhan, 347, 475–76

Krakowsky, Shmuel, 429

Kremer, Charles, 62, 65–66

Kristallnacht, 4, 8, 512

Kunz, Samuel, 518

Langer, William, 36

Lansky, Meyer, 360

Latvia, 16, 21–28, 30, 45, 104, 217, 254, 326, 338

Lebanon, 348–49, 461

Lebed, Mykola, 442–51, 446n, 452, 458, 542

Leleko, Pavel Vladimirovich, 491

Lelyveld, Joseph, 31

Lenz, Thomas, 525

Lest We Forget (Hanusiak, ed.), 109–11, 172

Levi, Mordecai, 165

Levin, Dov: and bias charges, 461–62, 470–73; courtroom style, 350; and Demjanjuk’s testimony, 408, 412; and denaturalization appeal, 487, 499, 504; and expert witness testimony, 374, 379, 391–92, 394–95, 400, 415, 420, 422; opening of war crimes trial, 351; and opinion in war crimes trial, 423, 424, 430; and OSI’s Dumpster files, 496; and Radiwker’s testimony, 352, 354, 356–58, 362–64; and replacement of O’Connor, 381–84, 386–87; and Sheftel, 360–62; and Treblinka survivor testimony, 366–72; and verdict in war crimes trial, 431, 432, 434; and war crimes appeal, 469–73, 479

Lewkowicz, Sonia, 206, 249, 371

Libertatea, 58

Lienz, Austria, 295–96

Lindwasser, Avraham, 367

Linnas, Karl, 252–57, 536

Lithuania, 16, 21, 26, 30, 104, 254, 326, 338, 500, 528–30

Litvinenko, Vasilij, 503–4

Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr., 28

Lodge, John Davis, 35

Lodge Act, 28–29, 29–30, 337–38

Loftus, Elizabeth, 414–15, 421

Loftus, John, 140–41, 314–19, 321–24, 326, 334, 442, 446n

Lomazy, Poland, 135

London, England, 95

Long Telegram (Kennan), 326–28, 330

Lublin district, Poland, 132, 137, 185, 500, 503–4

Luftwaffe, 79–84

Lumans, Valdis O., 26

Maas, Ulrich, 509

Maikovskis, Boleslavs, 45–48, 127, 160, 542

Majdanek, 31, 33, 137, 500, 517

Malagon, Nikolai Petrovich, 491

Malaxa, Nicolae, 34–40, 38n, 58, 62, 328, 447, 451

Maltz, Moshe, 444

Malyarov, Mikhail, 105–6

Marchenko, Iwan, 467–69, 474–78, 482, 485, 490–92, 495

Marchetti, Victor, 457–58

Marina, Justinian, 61

Marks, Sol, 33–34, 38, 50, 52–53

Marshall, George C., 283–84, 328, 332

Martin, John W.: and Danilchenko’s testimony, 158; and denaturalization trial (1981), 179, 185–86, 189–91, 194, 198–99, 202–3, 207, 210, 212–13, 218, 228–31, 233, 236–45, 249, 251; and deportation trial (1986), 265, 308, 310; and OSI’s Dumpster files, 486–87, 489, 492; and war crimes trial (Jerusalem), 362, 385

Marwell, David, 323

Marzel, Baruch, 484

Matia, Paul, 498–99, 502–4

Mattel, Morton, 121–22

Max Kolbe Foundation, 279

McCarran, Pat, 35

McCarthy, Joe, 55, 457–58

McCarthyism, 102

McClaussen, Grady, 34

McCormick, Anne O’Hare, 5

McCulloch, John, 216

McMahon, John, 174, 221

medical experimentation, 79–84

Medvedev, V., 173

Meese, Edwin, 255

Meir, Golda, 8

Meisel, Matityahu, 271, 429

Melnyk, Andriy, 442

Mendelsohn, Martin, 140, 141, 154, 492

Mengele, Josef, 536

Messerschmitt Aircraft Corporation, 501

Michel, Jean, 92

Ministry of State Security (MGB), 504–5

Mishler, Jacob, 40

missile programs, 77–78

Mittelbau-Dora complex, 93, 94

Mittelwerk (Central Works), 91, 93–94, 96–97

Moldovan, Andrei, 61, 64

Mormon Salamander Letters, 393–94

Moroz, Valentyn, 175

Moscowitz, Norman: and closing in Demjanjuk case, 239–40, 241, 243, 244–46; and Curry’s testimony, 211, 213; and Demjanjuk’s testimony, 236–37; and Horn’s testimony, 195–98; and opening of the Demjanjuk trial, 179; and OSI’s Dumpster files, 488–89, 492; and Pap’s testimony, 219–21; and Parker’s doubt memo, 153; and Schefler’s testimony, 182–85, 186; and Segat’s testimony, 208–10

Moser, Werner, 440

Mossad, 454

Moulin, Jean, 258

Mount Kohnstein, 91, 94

“Mussolini Diaries,” 400

My Life (Meir), 8

Naftali, Timothy, 453

Nagorny, Alex, 518

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 97, 98

National Archives, 316, 442, 446

National Catholic Welfare Conference, 217

National Conference on Soviet Jewry (NCSJ), 105

National Council of Churches, 62

National Security Council (NSC), 28, 78, 217, 328, 330–34, 339–40

National Union of Romanian Christian Students, 58

Naval Intelligence Agency, 37–3 8

Naval Research Laboratory, 99

Nazi and Nazi Collaborator Punishment Law, 349, 353, 429, 475

“The Nazi Connection” ( 60 Minutes segment), 314

Nazi Crimes Unit, 112

Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act, 538

neo-Nazis, 144–45, 217–18, 441, 511, 545

New York State Supreme Court, 388

New Zealand, 6, 7

Nishnic, Ed, 380–81, 395, 400, 421, 424, 467–68, 479–80, 484

Nishnic, Irene, xviii, 238, 380, 384, 424

Nixon, Richard, 35–36, 62, 65–66, 102

North Africa, 14

Nova Ukraina (radio), 449

Novak, Robert, 256

Nuremberg International Military Tribunal: American inconsistency on, 73; definition of war criminals, 218; and Demjanjuk’s Jerusalem trial, 350; and inimical organizations, 22; and legacy of the Demjanjuk case, 536; and medical experimentation trials, 80, 98; and Operation Selection Board, 259; and Rockler, 139, 140; and Six, 455; and Strughold, 82; and Trawniki recruits, 183; and Trifa, 58–59; and U.S. guerilla warfare units, 338; and Verbelen, 441

O’Connor, Edward, 215–18, 224–25, 265, 298, 330, 487

O’Connor, Mark: anticommunism of, 265–66; and deportation trial (1983), 267–68, 269, 274–79, 275, 300–303, 306–11; and OSI’s Dumpster files, 487; removal from defense team, 383, 385, 386–88, 472; and war crimes trial (Jerusalem), 350–51, 351, 352–59, 353, 360–62, 367, 370–72, 378, 379, 380–84

Odeh, Alex, 167

The Odessa File (Forsyth), 33

Odessa (Nazi network), 33

Oelberg, Austria, 228–29, 232–33, 236, 243–44, 311

Office of Clandestine Services, 334

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