Richard Rashke - Useful Enemies

529 “On the concrete courtyard”: The story comes from “Hitler’s European Holocaust Helpers,” Spiegel Online International, Dec. 17, 2009.

Breitman, Historical Analysis of 20 Name Files.

Breitman and Goda. Hitler’s Shadow.

Breitman et al., U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis.

Feigin, “Conclusion.” The Office of Special Investigations.

——. “Kurt Waldheim—A Prominent International Figure.” The Office of Special Investigations.

——. “Vladimir Sokolov—A Persecutor Who Found a Home in Academia.” The Office of Special Investigations.

Goda, “Nazi Collaborators in the United States: What did the FBI Know?” In Breitman et al., U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis.

Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group: Final Report to the United States Congress, April 2007.

Office of Special Investigations. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Executive Office for United States’ Attorneys, USA Bulletin, January 2006.

Rosenbaum, Eli. Betrayal: The Untold Story of the Kurt Waldheim Investigation and Cover-up. With William Hoffer. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993.

Simpson, Blowback.

Zuroff, Dr. Efraim. Worldwide Investigation and Prosecution of Nazi War Criminals ( April 1, 2008–March 31, 2009). Jerusalem: Simon Wiesenthal Center, November 2009.

537 OSI died quietly during the Munich trial. During its thirty years of Nazi hunting, it successfully denaturalized eighty-three Nazis and Nazi collaborators, forced another sixty-two to leave the United States voluntarily, and triggered the suicide of at least seven who were facing trial. Through its Watch List containing the names of eighty thousand alleged Nazis and Nazi collaborators, OSI blocked more than 170 from entering the United States. Among those denied entry—at the insistance of Elizabeth Holtzman—was Kurt Waldheim, the president of Austria. Nazi hunters had collected compelling evidence that Waldheim committed atrocities or was complicit with atrocities committed against Jews and POWs as a senior German intelligence officer in the Balkans during the years 1942–45. See Rosenbaum, Betrayal, and Feigin, “Kurt Waldheim—A Prominent International Figure.”

537 For more on OSI prosecution statistics see Feigen, “Conclusion.” Her appendix lists the names and status of all the suspected Nazis and Nazi collaborators that OSI prosecuted.

537 “Straight A’s”: Zuroff, 39.

540 The Avdzej, Agh, and Sokolov summaries are based on Feigin and on Goda, “Nazi Collaborators in the United States: What the FBI Knew,” in Breitman et al., U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis.

541 Fight “Kikes of the world”: Goda, 245.

541 “A sincere, outspoken anti-communist”: Ibid.

541 “How a man with no high academic crecdentials”: Ibid.

541 Description of Redcap is from: Redcap. NA, RG 263, CIA Subject Files, second release, “From: Chief, SR… Subject: Redcap/LCimprove—Acquisition and Reporting on Information on Soviet Students Abroad,” Book Dispatch No. 2396, undated, Box 60, folder two/draft; and “To: Chiefs of Certain Stations and Bases…From: Chief, SR…Subject REDCAP/ operational,” Book Dispatch File No. 74–120-64, undated, Box 60, folder two.

542 “The records are scattered”: Ruffner, Introduction, 10–11.

Aerospace Medical Association, 83

Agh, Lazlo, 540

Alexander, Robert C., 335

Allen, Charles R., Jr., 323

Allied Military Command, 222

Alt, Ralph, 512–15, 520–21, 525–26

Altman, Reinhard, 376–78, 397–400

American Bar Association, 151, 494–95

American Catholic Church, 217

American Coalition of Patriotic Societies, 5

American Institute of Public Opinion, 4–5, 15

American Latvian Association, 47

American Nazi Party, 162, 167

American Society of Document Examiners, 391

American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, 165, 167

Americanism Medal, 83

America-Slav Congress, 109

Anderson, Jack, 67

Andrija Artukovic Defense Fund, 72

Angelilli, Adolph, 268–70, 272–74, 278, 299, 301–3, 306–7, 309–10, 312–13, 487

Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations (ABN), 217

anti-Semitism, 4, 7–9, 13, 16, 25–26, 30, 80, 133, 216, 218, 300, 373

Antonescu, Ion, 59–60

App, Austin, 218

Arafat, Yasser, 167

Arajs, Viktors, 26

Argentina, 36, 69–70

Arrow Cross Party, 69, 540, 542

Artukovic, Anamaria, 58, 70–71

Artukovic, Andrija, 56–58, 63, 69, 70–73, 127, 160, 258, 451, 536

Artukovic, John, 72

Ashbrook, John, 173–74

Ashley, George, 165

Associated Press (AP), 162

Astrouski, Radaslau, 217, 318, 319, 355

asylum plea, 267, 270–74, 275, 311–13, 347, 487

Audrini massacre, 46, 160

Augsburg, Emil, 453, 455–56

Auschwitz, 98, 148, 258, 357, 507, 540

Australia, 6–7

Austria, 4, 32, 436–37, 438–40, 441, 446

Austrian Communist Party, 439

Avdzej, John, 539, 542

Ayalon Prison, 345–46, 384, 432, 462, 482, 483

Bach, Gabriel, 483–84

Bach-Zelewski, Erich von dem, 18

Baltic Legions, 23–24, 26–28, 29–30, 216, 217, 253

Bandera, Stepan, 270, 442–45

Banzer, Hugo, 258

Barbie, Klaus, 257–59, 259–61, 435–38, 441, 446, 453, 456, 472, 509

Battisti, Frank J.: and Danilchenko’s testimony, 158; and denaturalization trial (1981), 177, 178–81, 186, 196, 202–3, 207, 210, 219, 223, 227, 233, 236, 240–46, 246–51; and denaturalization trial (2001), 499–500; and deportation trial (1983), 266, 268, 303, 312; and OSI’s Dumpster files, 486–89, 490, 491–92; and war crimes trial (Jerusalem), 347

Bauer, Erich, 536

Bauer, Yehuda, 444

Becker, Brett, 117, 121

The Belarus Secret (Loftus), 318–19, 321–24, 326

Belgium, 134, 258, 437–38, 441, 456, 543

Belorussia, 16, 18, 21, 26, 30, 140–41, 218, 257, 282, 314–26, 355, 442, 539

Belzec, 25, 205, 507, 518

Bergen-Belsen, 95

Bermuda Conference, 13–14

Berzins, Alfreds, 217

Bezaleli, Amnon, 374–76, 378, 389–91, 393–94, 400, 427–28

Bialowitz, Philip, 521–22, 524–25

Biderman, Abraham, 94

Bischofshofen, Germany, 229

Bittman, Ladislav (Brychta), 174

Black, Peter, 25

Blatman, Yonah, 351, 406–10, 432

Blatt, Thomas, 520

Blowback (Simpson), 217, 324, 335

Blum, Howard, 159, 161, 163

Board of Immigration Appeals, 37

Boreks, Gustav, 367, 368, 426

Bradley, Ed, 466

Brady v. Maryland, 492–93

Braunsteiner, Hermine, 31–34, 34–38, 38–40, 50, 72, 81, 132, 171, 500, 509

Brazil, 7

Brentar, Jerome, 215–16, 218, 222–24, 265, 272, 274, 276–80, 298–302, 466, 485

British Foreign Office, 13–14

Broadley, John H., 490, 498

Bru, Federico Laredo, 8, 9

Bruchok, John, 433

Brunner, Alois, 453–54

Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 67

Buchanan, Patrick, 256–57

Bucharest, Romania, 60

Buchenwald, 91–93 Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), 377

Busch, Ulrich, 515–16, 520–21, 522–23, 525–26

Camp Dora, 84, 87–89, 91–97, 141, 201, 258, 287, 437, 452, 507, 528

Camp Ellrich, 93

Camp Harzungen, 93

Camp Jedel, 163

Camp Kilmer, 340

Camp King, 338, 340

Camp Rupert, 285, 286

Canada, 6, 11, 31, 61, 64, 172, 176, 313, 433, 541

Cantu, Tony, 377–78

Carolyn Maloney, 538