Philip Longworth - Russia

Tomsk, 280

Toropets, 69

Torzhok, 72

Totleben, General Ye. I., 210 towns/cities: additions, 44; changing relative importance of, 51—3; development of, 20-1, 23-4; expansion of, 44, 110 ; movement away from, 58; as tribal headquarters and agricultural centres, 24

Trabzon, 263 trade/commerce, 11, 12—13, 93, 178; with Baghdad, 30; with Byzantine Empire, 30 33. 36; Caspian monopoly, 204; Cold War agreements, 269; early, 18; effect of rail network on, 224—5; with the English at Kholmogorii, 97-8; England-Russia route, 173-4; expansion into eastern Caucasus, in—12; in Great Perm region, 96-7; helpful policies for, 109, 110; improvements in, 315; Jewish, 181; limited, 130; oil, 297, 307, 324, 325; Orenburg project, 173, 174-6; and removal of Khazar control, 37; resumption of, 108; with Siberia, 110 133; Viking-Russian collaboration, 22, 23, 24-5, 27-8; with the Vikings, 24-5; worldwide, 128; see also economy

Trafalgar, battle of (1805), 209

Trakhaniot brothers (migrants from

Byzantium; advisers to government), 75, 82-3

Trakhaniot, lurii, 70, 75, 77

Trans-Siberian Railway, 222, 223-5

Transbaikalia, 225, 226

Transcaucasia, 219, 244, 273, 314

transportation, 210—11, 212; see also railways

Transylvania, 276

Trauernich, Lieut.-Col., 137

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1917), 238

Treaty of Edirne, 204

Treaty of Horodlo (1413), 66

Treaty of Jassy (1792), 180

Treaty of Rapallo (1922), 241

Trepov, A.F (premier), 236

tribes, 20—1, 24, 94, 245; see also named tribes

Trinity Monastery (Volga), 109

Trubetskoi, Prince Dmitrii, 124, 125, 126

Truman, President Harry, 266

Tsaritsyn, 22, 110; see also Stalingrad

Tsiolkovskii, Konstantin, 245-6

Tsitsianov, General Pavel, 191-2

Tsivilsk, 110

Tukhachevskii, Marshal Mikhail, 240, 253, 255, 259

Tula, 122, 138, 152, 194

Tungus, 134, 176, 209

Tupolev, Andrei, 279

Turkestan, 217

Turkey, 166, 204, 221, 238, 263, 310

Turkics, 46, 319

Turkish War, First (1768-74), 179

Turkmenistan, Turkmens, 174, 216, 310, 325

Turks, 46, 95, 112, 146, 157, 160, 170,

178, 193, 204, 235, 319

Tushino, 122

Tver, 49, 53, 54-5, 56, 65, 69, 72, 73-4

Tzimisces, Emperor John, 37, 38

Udmurts, 245

Ufa, 96, 110, 145

Uglich, 111

Ugra river, 69

Ukraine, 1, 80, 129, 142, 297, 324; chaos in, 243; Council of Officers, 184; nationalism in, 244; Diet of Nobility, 184; discontent in, 138-9; Peter I’s distrust of, 162-3; early settlements in, 10, 11, 14, 17; ethnic minorities in, 245; independence of, 298; integrationist policies in, 219; nationalism in, 292; problems in, 143-4; railway connections, 213-14; Russification policy in, 184—5; as Soviet Republic, 243-4; tribes in, 20

Ukraine Office, 148

Ukrainians, 6, 10, 52, 164, 178, 183, 248, 259

Ukraintsev, Emelian, 148

Ulbncht, Walter, 268

Ulug-Mehmet, 64

UNESCO, 265

Uniate Church, 113, 274

Union of Lublin (1569), 103

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics see Soviet Union

United Arab Republic (UAR), 270

United States of America, 265, 280; and 9/11, 317; and the Cold War, 266; competition with Soviet Union, 278; and containment of Russia, 321; and expansion of NATO, 307; expansion of power, 215, 225, 226; on good terms with Soviet Union, 270—1; as imperial power, 320; and nuclear power, 269, 277; as superpower, 326; support for Putin, 317; and troops in Vladivostock, 244

Ural river, 159, 173

Urals, 1, 15, 18, 44, 96, 110 , 138, 145, 176, 187, 216, 256

Urquhart, David, 205-6

Ustiug, 148

Uzbek Khan, 54

Uzbekistan, Uzbeks, 217, 294, 325

Vaga river, 48

Valona, 270

Vasilevskii, Marshal A.M., 257

Vasilievskaia, 84

Vasilii I, 62-3

Vasilii II (Vasilii the Blind), 62, 63-7, 69

Vasilii III, 83-6, 89

Vasilii IV (Vasilii Shuiskii), 89, 114, 119, 121-3, 124

Vasilii Kosoi, 63, 64

Vatican, 315; see also Catholic Church/Papacy/Popes

Vatutin, General, N.F., 257, 262

Venice, 70, 71

Verkhoturia, 110

Vernadsky, George, 219

Viacheslav (son of laroslav), 41

Viatichi, 20

Viatka, 69

Viazma, 80

Viborg, 156

Vienna, 76

Vikings, 2, 4, 22, 48; and building of first Russian state, 27-8; co-operation with Russians, 22, 23, 24-5, 27-8; contact with Constantinople, 26; early settlements, 23, 24; intelligence system, 24; intermarriages, 31—2; as traders and plunderers, 23, 24

Vilna, 142

Vinius, Andrew, 138

Vishnevetsky, Dmitry, 95

Viskovatii, Ivan Mikhailovich, 104

Vistula river, 178, 262

Vitebsk, 144

Vitovt of Lithuania, Grand Duke, 63

Vitte, Sergei, 224, 225, 229, 230, 231

Vladimir, Grand Prince (grandson of Olga/Helen), 37, 38-9, 40

Vladimir Monomakh, 42-3, 87

Vladimir (city), 5, 44, 46, 48, 49, 51, 53,

Vladimir the sainted slave trader, 27

Vladimir-Moscow, Grand Principality of, 52, 53, 61, 319-20; see also Muscovy, Grand Principality of

Vladivostock, 225, 244

Vlasov, Major-General A., 259

Voguls (Mansi), 69, 96, 273

Volga Bulgars, 37

Volga Germans, 245, 256, 271

Volga region, 12, 44, 121, 172, 216;

Russification policy in, 186—7

Volga river, 27, 37, 45, 48, 95, 109, 110, 125, 151, 158, 182

Volga-Oka region, 130

Volhynia, 44

Volkhov river, 24

Vologda, 124

Volpe, Gianbattista della, 75

Voltaire, 150

Volynskii, Artamon, 159

Voronezh, 110 , 152, 257

Vorontsov, M.S., 207, 289

Voroshilov, Marshal K., 257

Votiaks, 69, 187, 216

Vsevold III (‘Big Nest’), 45

Vsevold Rostislavich, Prince, 45

Vsevolod (son of laroslav), 40, 41, 42, 43

Vsevolodovich, Prince Mikhail of Kiev, 46

Vyluzgin, Eleazar, 111

Vyshnevetski, Adam, 118

Wallachia, 192, 276

Wallhausen, Johann von: The Art of Infantry Warfare, 136—7

Warsaw, 196, 213-14, 284

Warsaw Treaty Organization (WTO), 276, 288

Washington, 278, 286-7, 303, 305, 311, 313

Waterloo, battle of (1815), 195

weather see climate

Wenden, 104

Wesenberg, 98

West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany), 278, 290

Western Dvina river, 142

Western Powers, 264, 279

White army (anti-Bolsheviks), 238, 240, 242, 243, 244; see also army; Red Army

White Cowl, Legend of, 68, 85

White Horde, 97

White Sea, 69, 97, 251

Wilmanstrand, 171

Wladyslaw, Prince, 122, 123, 126

World Bank, 312

Yaik Cossacks, 158

Yakutia, 244, 273

Yakuts, 134, 199, 216, 272

Yakutsk, 131, 251

Year of Revolutions (1848), 208

Yedigei, Tatar Khan, 62, 63

Yelets, 110

Yeltsin, Boris, 289-90, 294-8, 302, 322, 323; constitutional changes, 305-6; economic mismanagement of, 302-4, 310—12; health of, 309; re-election of, 309—10; resignation of, 313; support for, 306, 312-13

Yenisei river, 131, 280

Yerevan, 191, 199, 204

Yermak (Cossack leader in service of the Stroganovs), 97, 110

Yermolov, General A.P., 199-200

Yngvar the Viking, 32-3

Yugits, 134

Yugoslav Communist Party, 267

Yugoslavia, Yugoslavs, 263, 265, 294, 298, 313

Yukagirs, 132, 176

Yukos (oil company), 316

Zagorsk, 60, 64; Trinity St Sergius

Monastery, 124

Zakaev, Akmed, 316

Zaporozhian Cossacks, 95, 122

Zaporozhian Sech, 143, 144, 155, 163, 181, 184

Zarutskii, Hetman Ivan, 124, 126

Zhukov, Marshal Georgi, 253, 255, 257, 258, 269

Ziuganov, Gennadi, 309-10

Zoe/Sofia Paleologue (wife of Ivan IV), 70-1, 82-3

Zolkiewski (Polish commander), 123