Philip Longworth - Russia

Milan, 76

Milev, L., 17

Minin, Kuzma, 125

Ministry of Finance see Government Departments

Ministry for War see Government Departments

Minsk, 297

Mirza Din-Ahmed, 93

missionaries, 22, 36, 39-40, 80

Mitaev, AH, 243

Mithridates, King of Pontus, 17

Mniszech, Jerzy, 118, 119

Mogilev, 154

Moldavia, 157, 192, 276

Moldova, 317

Molotov, Viacheslav, 246, 263

monastic movement: and attraction of political centres, 61; boom in, 50; as colonization movement, 60—1; and land ownership, 61; origins, 59-60; popularity of wilderness monasteries, 60

Mongolia, 270, 321

Mongols, 45-7, 70, 134, 176, 179, 319; see

also Tatars

Montenegro, 221

Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat,

Baron de la Brède et de, 322

Mordv, 48, 187

Moscow, Grand Principality of Muscovy, 44, 171, 241, 269, 297, 325; ascendancy

of, 319; attacks on, 62-5, 66, 104, 121, 122; bubonic plague in, 141—2; occupied by Napoleon, 193-5; as capital of Soviet Union, 244; copper riot in, 143; expansionist policy, 112; loyalty of provincial nationality elites to, 245; origins, 48; power of, 67, 68; and princely strife, 49; railway connections, 213—14; reasons for growth, 52-3; Red Square, 119-20; Russia’s relationship with the Cossacks, 95; relative importance of, 51, 52-3; sacked by Tatars, 60; as seat of Russian Orthodox Church, 50, 54, 56, 60-1; taxation riots in, 139; territorial expansion, 69-74, 80; as ‘Third Rome’, 1, 85; threatened by Nazis,

255, 256; see also Vladimir-Moscow

Moscow Province, 187

Mozambique, 278

Mozhaisk, 65

Muhammed-Amin, 79

Munich Agreement (1938), 253

Miinnich, Marshal, 172

Muravev-Amurskii, Count N.N., 217

Murid creed, 203

Murmansk, 238, 254

Muscovy, Grand Principality of Moscow, 53, 319—20; apanage system in, 61-2, 80; central/local government, 91; crisis in, 99-106; development of, 65-7; domestic policies, 109; economic disasters, 115-17; and emergence of imperialism, 87—107; and extension/strengthening of government authority, 70—4; foreign relations of, 74-8; foundation of, 55; implication of conquest, 95—7; innovations and changes, 87—8; legacy of, 126—7; and military development, 78—9; Moscow as new power base, 50; piety in, 57—61; political fractiousness in, 67; political upheavals in, 117-26; princely rise in, 53-5; regional policies, 110—11; religious problems and concerns, 62, 64, 82-3, 89-90, 108-9, 113-14; struggles against restive neighbours, 62-5; Tatar power in, 48—51; teritorial/imperial expansion, 68-70, 81, 91-4, 97-8, 112-13; see also Moscow; Vladimir-Moscow, Grand Principality of

Musketeer Office (Posolskii prikaz), 109

Muslims see Islam

Mussorgsky, Modest, 112

Muster Office (Razriad), 73, 148

Nadir Shah, 174

Nagoi family, 112, 114, 115, 118

Nagorno-Karabakh, 286

Nakhichevan, 204

Napoleon Bonaparte, 188, 190, 192-5, 198

Narva, 81, 98, 153, 154, 156

Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 278

NATO, 269, 276, 277, 294, 307, 308, 313, 314, 315, 317, 321, 324

navy, 151—2, 164, 166, 209; armed rising in, 240; base in Adriatic, 270; base in the Crimea, 180; foreign influence on, 172; neglect of, 171-2; successes, 172

Nazis, 259, 265, 266, 298

Nehru, Pandit, 269

Nelson, Horatio, 209

Nemirov, Ambassador, 170

Nerl river, 44

Neva river, 45, 151, 153, 176

New Russia (Novorossiia), 181, 193, 198

Nganasans, 176

Nicholas I, 196, 204, 211, 225

Nicholas II, 224, 225, 231, 320; character faults, 232-3; incompetence of, 235-6

Nikon Chronicle, 90

Nizhnii-Novgorod, 60, 62, 125, 213-14,

251 Nkrumah, Kwame, 278

NKVD (principle Soviet secret police force), 267

Nogai Tatars, 75, 84, 92, 179-80

Nogais, 145

North Cape, 97

North Korea, 278

North Vietnam, 270, 278

Northern Alliance, 314

Northern Dvina, 63

Novgorod, 23, 24, 28, 31, 33, 38, 41, 47, 55, 62, 65, 69, 72-3, 80, 148; capture of, 124; expansion of, 44; and the oprichnina, 103-4; relative importance of, 52-3; Tatar census of, 49;

untouched by Tatars, 57

Novgorod-Seversk, 118

Novo-Pavlovsk, 171

Novorossiisk, 210

Novosiltsov, N. N., 197-8

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, 277

Nystad, Treaty of 156

Ob river, 69, 280

Obruchev, Nikolai, 229-30

Ochakov, 171

Oder river, 262

Odessa, 204-5

Odyssey, 17

Okhotsk, 161, 162

Old Ladoga, 23

Oleg (grandson of Riurik), 29, 30

Oleg (son of Vladimir Monomakh), 43

Olga/Helen (widow of Igor), 27, 31, 32, 34-7

Olgerd of Lithuania, 55, 56

Oliphant, Laurence, 209

Onega, Lake, 156

Opium Wars (1840-2), 209

Ordyn-Nashchokin, Afanasii, 147

Orel, 144

Orenburg, 159—60, 173-6, 244

Orient, 19, 23, 27, 44, 47, 226

Orthodox Church, 319; and conversion/Christianization under Grand Prince Vladimir, 38-40; established in Moscow, 50, 54, 56, 60-1; finances of, 126; increased authority of, 109; independence of, 66, 109; and judaizer ‘heresy’, 82; missionary campaigns, 187; monastic foundations, 59—61; no official existence in Lithuania, 113; opposition to the oprichnina, 103; persecution of, 178; in Poland, 183; and prospect of Latinization, 123—4; as refuge for peasants, 60; relationship with Ivan the Terrible, 99-101; relationship with the Papacy, 62, 64; relationship with princes, 62, 66; role/wealth of, 49; in Serbia, 204; support for, 114; in Ukraine, 143

Ossetia, Ossetians, 94, 191, 317, 325

Ostermann, Andrei, 169-70

Ostiaks (Khanty), 69, 96, 273

Ostroumov, N., 216

Ostrozhsky, Prince Konstantin, 113-14

Otrepev, Grigorii, 118

Ottoman Empire, 95, 99, 108, 143, 170, 179, 204, 206, 210, 221, 320

Ottoman Turkey, Ottoman Turks, 64, 70, 94, 168, 187-8, 189, 205, 221

Pacific, 1, 4, 97, 151, 160, 162, 168, 208

Pakistan, 269, 278, 326

Pale of Settlement, 181

Paleologue family/dynasty, 70-1

Pallas, Peter, 200, 201

Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount, 206

Pamir mountains, 222

pan-Slavism, 219-20, 222

Panin, Count Nikita, 179

Panjshir mountains, 279

Papacy see Catholic Church/Papacy

Paskevich, General Ivan, 204

Passchendaele, 235

Patrikeev, Prince I. Iu., 66

Paul, Emperor, 177, 188

Paul II, Pope, 71

Paul V, Pope, 123

Paulus, General Friedrich von, 258

Pavlov, General D., 253, 256

Pearl Harbor, 257

Pechenegs, 29, 38, 46

Pelym, 110

Penza, 198

Pereiaslav, 44, 46, 140

Pereiaslavets, 37

Pereiaslav-Zalesskii, 51

Perekop, 171, 178

Perm, 124

Pernau, 156

Perovskaia, Sofia, 228

Persia see Iran

Persia, Shah of, 223

Perun (pagan god of thunder), 38, 39

Petelin, Druzhina Foma, 111

Peter I (Peter the Great), 4, 168-9, 321; accession, 151; Balkan expedition, 157—8; and building of St Petersburg, 150, 157; campaigns of, 151—2; Central Asian ambitions, 158—60; childhood, 151; distrust of Ukrainian Cossack elite, 162—3; expansionist policies, 150—1, 163-6, 168; female successors to, 169; as joint ruler with his brother, 146, 147, 151; mythic status of, 150-1; political liaisons, 156—7; and Siberia, 160—2; war with Sweden 152-6

Peter II, 169

Peter III, 169

Petitions Office, 148

Petr, Metropolitan of Kiev, 50, 54, 56

Philotheus (Filofei) of Pskov, 85

Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople, 63

Phrygia, 17

Pimen, Metropolitan, 103

Pizarro, Francisco, 89

plague, 141—2, 171