Philip Longworth - Russia

Constantine VII, Emperor, 28, 33, 36

Constantinople, 25, 50, 73, 80, 222, 262;

Cathedral of St Sophia, 35, 51, 57;

changing fortunes of, 51; fall of, 68;

Constantinople (continued)

Mamas quarter, 30; Monastery of St George, 57-8; pilgrimages to 57-8; rise of, 27; sack of, 64; trade with, 30; Viking raid on, 28-9; see also Byzantine Empire; Byzantium; Istanbul

constitution: changes in, 305-6; as federal multinational socialist, 244-6; and idea of federalism, 198; and promise of democracy, 231—2; reform of, 197-9, 289

Convention of Berlin (1833), 208

Cossacks, 94-5, 97, 113, 118, 155, 170, 180, 209, 227, 259; discontentment amongst, 138-9; divisions and differences, 143-4; increased population of, 227; as intrepid explorers, 131-2; invasion of Poland, 140; loss of support for Tsar, 236; massacre by Kamchadales, 161; origins of, 78; and pride in loyal service, 185; protest against Polish influence/rule, 114; relationship with Russia, 93; and storming of Azov, 136; swear allegiance to the Tsar, 140-1; and war against Poland, 141

Council of Ferrara/Florence, 64, 66, 68, 71,85

Courland, Duke of, 156

Crimea, 18, 75, 79, 219, 244, 296;

annexation of, 178; campaigns in, 38, 147, 148, 151, 168, 171, 172; colonization programme for, 180-2; lines of communication to, 172; as Tatar khanate, 66; transfer to Russia, 180

Crimean Tatars, 99, 104, 143, 145, 187, 256, 271, 273

Crimean War (1853-6), 1, 207, 209-10, 222

Croatia, Croats, 9, 255, 294

Cuba, 261, 270, 271, 321

Cuban missile crisis (1961), 271

Cumans, 42

Cyprus, 315

Czartoryski family, 183

Czech Republic, 15

Czechoslovakia, 266, 267, 269, 275—6, 277, 283, 290, 292, 294

Czechs, 9, 220, 265

Czestochowa monastery, 142

Dacia, 179 Dadi-Yurt, 202

Dagestan, Dagestanis, 93, 136, 203, 207, 313

Daniels, Alexander, 137

Danilovich, Grand Prince Iurii, 65 Danube river, 37, 168, 204, 210, 221, 262

Dardanelles, 263

Darghins, 94

Darius, King, 17

Dauria, 226

Davoust, Louis Nicholas, 193

Decembrist rising (1825), 196

Declaration of the Rights of Oppressed Nationalities (1918), 242

Defoe, Daniel, 150

Delhi, 269

democracy: clash with market economy, 305-6

demography see population

Denmark, 70, 98, 146, 148, 152-3, 169 Department of Foreign Affairs, 141, 179 Derbent, 93, 112, 160, 188

Derevlians (old settlers; tribal

confederation), 20, 31, 38 Desna river, 69 Dezhnev, Semeon (Cossack venturer), 131-2

Diamond Johnson (Almaz Ivanov), 147, 148

Diet at Helsingfors (Helsinki) (1863), 219

Dir the Viking, 24, 28, 29

Dmitrii of the Don, Grand Prince, 50, 54, 56-7, 60, 62, 69

Dmitrii (grandson of Ivan the Great), 83

Dmitrii the Pretender (no. 1), 117—21 Dmitrii the Pretender (no. 2), 121—3

Dmitrii Shemiaka, 64-5

Dmitrii (son of Ivan the Terrible), 109, 111-12, 114, 115, 121

Dmitrov, 44

Dnieper river, 15, 19, 28, 31, 43, 44, 171, 178, 184, 258, 262

Dnieprostroi, 251

Doctors’ Plot (1952), 268

Dolgorukii, Prince Iurii, 44, 45

Dolmatov, Vasilii, 84

domestic policy, administration, m; attitude towards immigrants, 180—2; and building of forts, 130-1, 132; central administration, 184; concern for welfare of subdued nations, 176-7; establishment of internal calm, 108-9; regional administration, 184-7; retrenchment of, 128; and state security, 109; and tax collection/exemption, 109, 130— 1; treatment of subjected peoples, 182-7

Don river, 19, 22, 95, 151, 258, 259

Donets river, no, 181

Doroshenko, Hetman, 144 du Croy, 153

Dubrovnik, 221

Duchy of Courland, 98

Dudaev, Djokar, 307, 309

duma (cabinet), 147, 148

Duma, 231, 232, 236

Dunning, Chester, 118, 120-1

Durnovo, Petr, 233—5

Dushanbe, 279

Dzerzhinskii, Felix, 239

Dzungara, 176

Dzurov, Dobri, 292

East Berlin, 291

East China Railway, 231

East Germany (German Democratic Republic), 268, 269, 288, 289, 290-1, 292, 311

East India Company, 174, 209

East Indies, 215

Eastern Europe, 265—7, 274-7

Eastern Question, 94, 157, 180

economy: aggressive taxation policy, 308; agrarian, 10—n, 13-14, 16-17; agricultural production, 272; black economy, 274; and capitalism, 228—9; and civil wars, 123; and clash with democracy, 305—6; collapse of, 297; collectivization programme, 248-50; consumer promises, 285—6; crisis in, 246-8; drainage systems, 229; Eastern European, 274-7; effect of climate on, 15-17, 123; expansion of, 225-6; financial mismanagement and crisis, 302-4, 310-12; Five Year Plan (1928), 251-2, 272; food shortages, 240-1; Gorbachev reforms, 285-6, 288; improvements in, 315, 322-3; industrial decline, 301-2, 308; industrial expansion, 250-1; and industrial revolution, 227—8; inefficiencies of, 299; inflationary, 289; market reforms, 303-4, 305, 306; New Economic Policy, 247-8; and the peasant problem, 231-2; and railways, 213-14; rebuilding of, 241-2; recovery of, 108, 129-30; reduction in inflation, 308; and rise of the oligarchs, 303—4, 306, 315-16; Seven Year Plan (1959), 270; shortages, 275; training and technology, 229; see also trade/commerce

Egerat, Colonel Henryk van, 137

Egypt, 17, 188, 261, 269, 278; Aswan Dam, 270, 280

Eisenstein, Sergei, 90

Elbe river, 262

Elena Glinskaia, 85, 89

Elias, St, 38-9

Elizabeth, Empress, 169, 170, 184

Elphinston, Admiral (in Russia’s services), 172

Elton, Captain John, 172-4

empire building, 25; belligerency of, 208-9; as civilizing mission, 215-17; creation of Soviet regime, 238—60; descent into anarchy 108-27; eighteenth-century glories, 168-89; expansionary tactics, 168—89; first successes and collapse, 27—47; foundations of empire, 68-86; growth and recovery, 129—49; impact of revolutionary France on, 190, 193-8; imperial expansion, 87-107; inertia in, 231; lack of capital, 214; limitation put on, 225; loss of empires, 190; nineteenth-century wars and defeats, 199-211; public consciousness of, 215; push to the West, 150-67; reasons for disintegration of Soviet empire, 282-300; rebellions and crises, 217-32; recovery and consolidation, 48—67; reforms and modernization, 213—15; rise and fall of Soviet imperialism, 261-81; seeds of destruction, 210—11, 232—7; transition and recovery, 301—18; see also Kievan Rus; Muscovy; Romanov Empire; Soviet Union

England, 156, 215, 221, 234; see also Britain

Enlightenment, 164, 182, 280

environment, 4, 5; effect of climate on, 6-7; geographic barriers, 9-10

Erekle, King of Kartlo-Kakheti, 180

Erik XIV, King of Sweden, 103

Erzurum, 204

Eskimos, 134

Estland, 163, 197

Estonia, Estonians, 154, 156, 163, 164, 219, 243, 245, 254, 310

Ethiopia, 278

Eurasia, 4

European Union (EU), 276, 277, 286, 313

Evenki, 280

explorers, exploration, 131-2, 162, 172-4, 188; see also Alaska; Bering, Vitus; colonizers, colonization; Dezhnev, Semeon; Elton, John; Siberia; Stroganov, Grigorii

falconry, 75

Far East, 216, 217, 230, 245, 253, 261, 264

Far Eastern Republic, 244

Federal Security Service (FSB), 314

Fedor (son of Boris Godunov), 115, 119, 120

Fedor (son of Tsar Alexis), 146

Fedor, Tsar, 109, in, 114

Felony Department (Razboinii prikaz) see Government Departments

Filipp, Metropolitan of Moscow, 103

Finch, Edward (British envoy), 169

Finland, 156, 171, 196, 253, 254; annexation of, 190, 192; imperial rule in, 197; as independent state, 243; nationalism in, 219

Finno-Ugrians, 23, 319