Philip Longworth - Russia

D’iaki i pod’iachie xv—xvii vv [Russian Civil Servants of the 13th to 18th Centuries] (Moscow, 1975)

Trudy po istochnikovedenii i istorii Rossii v periode feodalzma [Work on the Sources for and the History of Russia in the Medieval Period] (Moscow, 1978)

Vigilev, A., Istoriia Otechestvennoi pochty [A History of Russia’s Postal Service] (Moscow, 1977)

Vitarko, G., ‘Aviation… and imperatives of modernization’, in Lohr and Poe, eds., The Military and Society in Russia 1430-1917, pp. 273-91

Vodarskii, Ye., Naselenie Rossii za 400 let [The Population of Russia over the Last 400 Years] (Moscow, 1973)

Naselenie Rossii v kontse xvii—nachale xviii veka [Russia’s Population at the Turn of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries] (Moscow, 1977)

Wagner, M., Travels in Persia, Georgia and Koordistan (3 vols., London, 1856) [Walhausen, J.], Uchenie i khitrost’ ratnago stroieniia pekhotnykh liudei [Infantry Drill and Technique] (Moscow, 1647)

Wallace, D. Mackenzie, Russia (London, 1912)

[Wilson, Sir R.], A Sketch of the Military and Political Power of Russia in the Year 181 7 (2nd edn, London, 1817)

Winter, E., Russland und das Papstum [Russia and the Papacy] (Berlin, 1960)

Wood, A., ed., The History of Siberia: From Russian Conquest to Revolution (London, 1991)

World Bank, From Transition to Development (New York, 2004)

Wortman, R., Scenarios of Power (Princeton, 1995)

Yeltsin, B., Midnight Diaries (London, 2000)

Zabriskie, E., American-Russian Rivalry in the Far East [1895-1914] (Philadelphia, 1946)

Zaslavakaia, T., ‘Novosibirsk report’, Survey, 28, 1 (1984), 88—108

Zemskov, V, ‘Spetsposolentsy (1930— I959gg)’ [‘Forced labour settlement (1930-1959)’], in Poliakov et al., eds., Naselenie Rossii v 1920-19520-e gody, pp. 145ff.

Zhironiskaia, V, ‘Chislennost ‘naseleniia Rossii v I939g: poisk istiny’ [‘The size of Russia’s population in 1939: a search for the truth’], in Poliakov et al., eds., Naselenie Rossii v 1920-1950-e gody, pp. 27ff.

Demograficheskaia istoriia Rossii v 1930-e gody [The Demographic History of Russia in the 1930s] (Moscow, 2001)

zimin, A. A., Formirovanie hoiarskoi aristokratii v Rossii vtoroi poloviny xv-pervoi treti xvi v [The Formation of the Boyar Aristocracy in Russia from the Second Half of the Fifteenth to the First Third of the Sixteenth Century] (Moscow, 1988)

V kanun groznykh potriasenii: predposylki pervoi krest’ianskoi voiny v Rossii [On the Eve of Terrible Shocks :The Origins of Russia’s First Peasant War] (Moscow, 1986)

Reformy Ivana Groznogo [The Reforms of Ivan the Terrible] (Moscow, i960)

Vitiaz na rasput’e: feoda’naia voina Rossii xv v [Knight Errant at the Parting of the Ways: Feudal War in Fifteenth-Century Russia] (Moscow, 1991)

Abdulkhayir of the Little Horde, 174

Abkhazia, Abkhazians, 286, 317, 325

Abramovich, Roman, 304

Academy of Sciences, 8, 246, 280, 315

Adams, John Quincy, 197

Adashev, D.F. (adviser to Ivan IV), 91

Adlerfelt, Gustavus, 155

Adriatic, 270

Adyge, 94; see also Circassia

Afanasii, Metropolitan of Moscow, 103

Afghanistan: British interests in, 263; invasion of, 283; and Northern Alliance, 314; railway line to, 222; Russian interest in, 278-9, 317, 325, 326; as Soviet client, 261; support for Chechen rebels, 307; troop withdrawal from, 286

Afghans, 159

Africa, 215, 231, 269, 278

Akademgorodok, 280

Akhalkaaki, 204

Akht-mechet (Simferopol), 179

Alaska, 225, 226

Albania, 270, 277

Albasin fort, 132

Aleksandr, Grand Prince of Suzdal, 54

Aleksei II, Patriarch of Moscow, 297

Aleksei, St, Metropolitan of Moscow, 56-7, 59

Aleutians, 162

Alexander the Great, 17

Alexander I, 254

Alexander II, 212, 218

Alexander III, Emperor, 190, 191, 192,

194, 196

Alexander, King of Kakheti, 113

Alexander, Grand Duke of Lithuania (later King of Poland), 80, 81

Alexander Nevskii, Grand Prince of Vladimir, 45, 46, 49

Alexandrova, suburb of Kolomenskoe, 100, 101, 103

Alexis, Tsar, 135, 137, 152; campaign gns of, 141—5; death of, 146; and review oflaws, 139—40; and taxation riots, 139;

treaty with the Cossacks, 140-1

Allende, Salvador, 278

Alma river, 210

Almaz Ivanov, 147, 148

American Civil War, (1861-5), 223

Ames, Aldrich, 284

Amin, Hafizullah, 279

Amu-Darya river, 217

Amur river, 225, 244, 245

Anadyr river, 132

Anapa, 205

Andaman Islands, 278

Andijan, 222

Andrei (brother of Ivan the Great), 79

Andrei (uncle of Vasilii II), 63

Andreyev, Mikhail, 159

Andropov, Yuri, 284-5, 314

Andrusovo, Treaty of (1667), 146

Angara river, 280

Angelos, 75

Angola, 278

Anna, Empress, 169, 171, 239

Anna (sister of Byzantine Emperor

Basil 11), 38

apanage system, 33, 41-2, 61-2, 65., 66-7, 69, 70, 79-80

Arabs, 27

Aral Sea, 173

Ararat, Mount, 199

Aras river, 204

Archangel, 97, 166, 235

Ardebil Library, 204

Argunsk fort, 132

Armenia, 112, 191, 219, 244, 325

Armenians, 181, 199, 286

army, 70, 151; and arms manufacture, 138; arsenals of, 171; in Chechnya, 308; cost of, 78-9, 188—9, 207; desertions from, 236-7; development of, 78; disasters/victories, 171, 255-60, 262; and dogs of war, 81; equipment, 91; increased capability of, 208; and lack of up-to-date technology/expertise, 136; losses in, 171; military ability, 326; military build-up, 225-6; and the musketeers, 90, 152; and need for efficient transportation, 223; and practice of pomestie, 73; professionalization of, 230; purging in, 252; rebellion in, 146-7; rewards given to, 168, 171; size of, 170-1; specialist troops in, 171; structure/operations of staff, 229-30; and terror tactics, 80, 81; training/modernizing of 136-8, 146; use of new technology, 87; as visible army of Christ, 91; see also Red Army; White Army

Ashkhabad, 222

Asia, 1, 159, 213, 222-3, 225, 231; see also

Central Asia; China; Far East; India

Asia Minor, 17, 27; see also Turkey

Askold the Viking, 24, 28, 29

Assembly of the Land (Zemskii sofor) , 139-40

Astrakhan, 66, 92, 95, 96, no, in, 136, 137, 158

Astrakhan Cossacks, 203

Augustus, Emperor, 4

Austria, 76, 166, 170, 189, 208, 210, 218;

Austrian Empire, 220, 221, 222, 231, 238

Auteroche, Chappe d’, 177—8

Avars, 113

Aven, Petr (post-Soviet entrepreneur), 304

Azerbaydzhan, Azerbaydzhanis, 191, 244, 248, 263, 286, 310

Azeris, 286

Azov, 136, 145, 151-2, 157, 166, 170

Baddeley, J., 200

Baedeker, Karl, 16

Baghdad, 22, 30, 204

Baghdad Pact, 270

Bakh, Aleksei, 279

Bakhchiserai, 171

Bakshei (Tatar translator), 75

Baku, 188, 222, 223

Balkans, 277; effect of Great Depression on, 265; Habsburg war in, 166; mission to, 192-3; possible problems in, 189; Russian presence in, 1, 213, 221—3, 263, 320, 321, 324; Stone Age inhabitants of, 6; sympathetic to Russia, 157-8

Balkars, 256

Baltic, 1, 4, 15, 153, 274; acquisition of ports in, 157; administration of, 185-6; and the Crimean War, 210; German withdrawal from, 243; imperial rule in, 197; problems with, 154; Russian presence in, 80, 87, 152, 166, 168, 169, 198, 261; and the Second World War, 235; as testing ground for innovative policies, 271; Vikings in, 23