Philip Longworth - Russia

Baltic fleet, 209, 231

Baltic Germans, 164

Baits, 9, 25, 183

Bank for Economic Co-operation, 277

Bartholomew see Sergius the hermit

Basaev, Shamil (Chechen leader), 308,

313 Bashkiria, 96, no, 175-6

Bashkirs, 96, 159, 164, 174, 175-6, 216

Bashmakov, Dementy (head of Tsar’s private office), 148

Basil II, Emperor, 38

Basmanov, General Peter, 118, 119

Bathory, Stefan (King of Poland), 104

Batum, 222, 223

Baty Khan, 46, 97

Bay of Bengal, 278

Bay of Chesme, 172

Bay of Korea, 226

Beijing, 133, 270

Bekovich-Cherkasskii, Aleksandr, 158, 173

Belarus, 20, 154, 243, 297, 324, 325

Belgium, 224

Belgorod, no

Belgrade, 170, 204

Bell, James Stanislaus, 206

Belorussians, 10, 52, 164, 178

Belski, Boyar Prince Ivan, 89

Benes, President Eduard, 265

Berezina, 69

Berezovskii, Boris, 304, 309, 310, 314, 315, 3i6

Bering Strait, 131

Bering, Vitus, 162

Berlin: erection of Wall, 271; removal of Wall, 291

Beslan atrocity (2004), 317

Bessarabia, 190, 192, 196, 198, 219, 254

Bessarion, Cardinal, 71

Bezobrazov, Captain A.M., 233

Bielopolski, Marquis, 218

Birobijan, 245, 273

Biron (Bühren), G., 169

Bismarck, Prince Otto von, 222

Black Earth, 15, 18, 130

Black Sea, 6, 22, 29, 44, 136, 151, 166, 168, 178, 179, 187, 188, 205, 210, 307, 310

Black Sea Fleet, 209, 210, 231

Blind Vasilii see Vasilii II

Bogoliubskii, Grand Prince Andrei, 44—5

Bogun, Colonel, 140-1

Bohemia, 72

Bolotnikov, Ivan (rebel), 121, 122

Bolsheviks (‘Reds’), 237, 238-9, 243

Bombay, 278

Bomel, Dr Elisei (physician to Ivan IV), 105

Boretski faction in Novgorod, 72

Boris (brother of Ivan the Great), 79

Boris (son of Vladimir), 39, 43, 112

Boris Godunov, Tsar, 320

Borodino, battle of (1812), 193

Bosnia, 221

Bosphorus, 263

Bourbons, 166

Brandt, Willy, 278

Brezhnev Doctrine, 278, 288-9

Brezhnev, Leonid, 275

Briansk, 70, 171

Britain: Admiralty, 172, 174; alarmed at Russian sea power, 188, 189; and the Baltic states, 264; British Empire, 263; financial loans, 224; as friend of Soviet Union, 265; naval expertise, 172; navy of, 171; and Persia, 223, 231; and Poland, 218; richness of, 157; and Second World War, 253; secret war against Russia, 205-8; and threat of Russian expansion into Asia, 203; and troops in Vladivostock, 244; Vikings in, 28

Briukhovetsky (hetman), 144

Brusilov, General, 240

Bucharest, 288, 292

Buddhism, 51, 145, 216

Bug river, 178, 181, 254, 262

Bukhara, 158, 173, 217, 222

Bulgaria, Bulgarians: and acceptance of reformed socialism, 293; as agricultural area, 276-7; and alignment with USA, 310; humanitarian aid for, 221; new state created, 222; as part of the Russian sphere, 263

Bunak, Dr V., 8

Buriats, 134, 209, 216, 272; Buriat-Mongols, 245

Burma, 269

Byzantine Empire, 1, 28, 179; and imperial court/idea, 40; influence on Russia, 34-40, 44; and introduction of laws, literacy and political philosophy, 39-40; markets, 23; missionizing legacy of, 80; and pronoia/pomestie system, 73; and Russian conversion/Christianization process, 27, 31, 35, 36-7, 38-40; trade with, 27, 30, 33, 36; see also Constantinople

Byzantium, 22, 319; see also Greece, Greeks

Cambodia, 269

Cantemir, Dmitrie, 157

Carpathian mountains, 9, 17

Casimir, King of Poland-Lithuania, 68, 72, 73, 77, 81

Caspian Sea, 1, 22, 23, 30, 44, 93, 112, 150, 160, 173, 200, 222, 307, 310, 314, 325

Castro, Fidel, 270

Catherine I, 162, 169

Catherine II (Catherine the Great), 150, 169, 177; and annexation of Crimea, 179-82; central administration of, 184; condition of Russia under, 178; enlightened principles of, 184-7; extension of Russian power under, 187-9; Greek Project, 179; and partition of Poland, 178-9, 182-4; regional policies, 184-7

Catholic Church/Papacy, 36, 59, 100, 127; and election of a Polish Pope, 284; extreme clericalism of, 266; frontierlands of, 183; Great Schism, 62, 86; missionizing campaign of, 308; relationship with Orthodox Church,

62, 64, 85, 86, 88

Catholics, 141; Polish, 66, 103, 183, 196, 218, 283-4; and Uniate Church of Ukraine, 113, 183

Caucasus, 151, 307, 325; conquest of, 190—1; continued presence in, 325; expansion into, I, 87, 92, 113, 320; federalist solution for, 198; importance of, 95; and the Kalmyks, 145; Khazars in, 27-8; Muslim tribesmen in, 94; people from, 15, 17, 25; Russian advance into, 187, 203; and Second World War, 257, 271; settlement of, 180; strongholds in, 112; terror tactics in, 199-200; trade with, 18, 44; uprisings in, 222; and the Vikings, 23; wild tribes of, 168, 197

Ceausescu, Nicolae, 277, 292

CENTO, 269

Central Asia, 176, 278, 307, 308, 314, 320, 325, 326; administration of, [97, 216, 217, 244; and Christianity, 216; close ties with Russia, 308, 317; economic backwardness of, 271—2; imperialist power in, 162, 172; and the Kalmyks, 145; people of, 25; railways in, 222-3; Russian expansion into, 1, 151, 158-60, 168; and Second World War, 238, 256; and the Tatars, 51; trade routes in, 22

Cetinje, 221

Chancellor, Richard, 91, 97

Charlemagne, 27

Charles XII, King of Sweden, 153, 154-5, 156

‘Charter 77’, 283

Charter of Nobility (1785), 186

Chechen Island, 200

Chechens, 94, 180, 191, 200-5, 207, 243, 245, 256, 259, 271, 304, 325, 326

Chechnya, 191, 273, 307-9, 310, 313

Cheka, 239-40; see also Federal Security Bureau; KGB; NKVD

Cheliabinsk, 251

Cheliadnia, Boyar F.M., 66

Cheremis (Maris), 25, 48, 69, 187, 216, 245

Chernenko, Konstantin, 284

Chernigov, 33, 42, 43, 46, 52, 70, 118, 144, 178

Chernobyl, 286, 287

Chernomyrdin, Viktor, 304, 306, 308

Chiang Kai-shek, 267

Chile, 278

Chimkent, 216

China, 1, 51, 96, 132-3, 159, 209, 223, 225-6, 230, 261, 267, 270, 277-8, 278, 313, 314, 316, 317, 321, 326

Chinese Communist Party; 267

Chingiz Khan, 46

Christianity, 27; Byzantine Commonwealth of, 39; and eradication of pre-Christian beliefs, 21; introduction of, 34-7, 38-40

Chubais, Anatolii, 302, 309

Chuds, 25

Chuikov, General, 257

Chukchis, 134, 280

Chukhotka, 131, 176, 244

Churchill, Sir Winston, 253, 263; Iron Curtain speech (1946), 266

Chusovaia river, 96

Chuvash, 164, 187, 216

Cimmerians, 17, 18

Circassians, 93, 201, 205-7, 248

cities see towns/cities

Civic Forum, 292

Clausewitz, Karl Maria von, 194

climate: effect on social life, 116—17; and the environment, 6-7, 115-17; and global warming, 6, 19, 319; Ice Age, 5, 6, 16; influence on settlements, societies 15-17, 18; Little Ice Age, 115-17; and Russian temperament, 16-17

Clinton, Bill, 312

code of law (Russkaia pravda), 40

coinage, 22, 40, 73, 79, 106, 143-4

Cold War, 261, 266, 286

Collective Rapid Deployment Force, 326

College of Justice see Government Departments

colonizers, colonization, 2, 48, 214; of Crimea, 180-2; forest, 19-20; in great Perm region, 96-7; in Siberia, 176-7; see also explorers, exploration

COMECON, 276-7, 280, 294

Communism, Communists, 244, 261, 264, 273, 281, 288, 292, 309-10, 313

Communist Party, 243, 244, 267, 268, 270, 276, 279, 283, 286, 299

Congress of Berlin (1878), 222

Conrad of Mazovia, 77

Constantine, Grand Duke, 196, 218

Constantine I, Emperor, 34

Constantine (son of Catherine the Great), 179

Constantine (son of Vsevolod III),45