Philip Longworth - Russia

Plettenberg, Walter von, 81

Pleven, 222

Plovdiv, 222

Poland, Poles, 1, 6, 9, 15, 77, 85, 121, 124, 125, 146, 166, 169, 170, 183, 231, 234, 265, 269, 276, 294, 295, 298, 325; as catalyst for Russian recovery, 123-6; ceding of territory to Russia, 147; economic problems in, 285; erased from the map of Europe, 168; German invasion of, 254; hostility towards, 94; insurrection in, 2—18; loss of, 190; nationalism in, 275; partition of, 178-9, 182-4; possible truce with, 85; attempted Russification of, 218-19; Solidarity movement in, 284; transition to freedom, 290; treaty with, 128, 148; and union with Lithuania, 103; uprisings in, 196—7; war with, 122—6, 128, 136, 137, 138-45

Poland-Lithuania, 66, 70, 79, 80, 98, 101, 108

Poliane, 20, 22

Polotsk, 41

Polovtsians, 42

Poltava, 155, 156

Poppel, Nicholas, 77

population, 43-4, 48, 49, 96, 283; additions to, 217; census data, 248, 253; decline in, 312, 315; drift north and east, 48, 52; ethnic/linguistic configurations, 272—4; genetic studies, 6, 8-10; increase in, 61, 105, no, 165, 177, 208, 214, 226-8, 324; migrations, 9-10, 58, 117, 130; mix, 164, 187; mortality rates, 248—50, 304; nomads, 17—18; physiological characteristics, 9; as rural-based, 246; size of, 129, 161

Port Arthur, 230-1

Portugal, 157

Potemkin, Prince Grigorii, 181, 191

Potsdam (1945), 263, 266

Pozharski, Prince Dmitrii, 125

Prague, 220, 262, 291, 292

‘Prague Spring’, 275

Preservation of Civil Rights (1722), 161

Presniakov, A.E., 67

Primakov, Yevgeny, 311, 312, 313

printing, 87, 114

printing office, 147-8

Pripet Marshes, 9

Prokofiev, Sergei, 246

pronoia/pomestie system, 73

proto-Russians, 18-19, 25

Provisional Government, 236-7

Prussia, 169, 178, 183, 208

Pruth river, 158

Pskov, 44, 53, 55, 62, 65, 68, 72, 81, 84, 116

Pugachev, Ye., 185

Pushkin, Aleksandr, 112, 165, 196-7

Putin, Vladimir, 311, 313, 326; domestic and foreign policies, 314-18; as interim President, 313—15; managed democracy under, 316-17; popularity of, 314

Putivl, 118

Radio Free Europe, 268

railways, 213-14, 222-5, 231

Rasht, 174

Rasputin, Grigorii, 233, 236

Ratzinger, Cardinal, 308

Razin, Stepan, 200

Reagan, Ronald, 282, 284

Red Army, 240, 244, 254; hardware/capacity, 253; see also army; Second World War; White army

Renfrew, Sir Colin, 14

Repnin, Mikhail, 100, 101

Reval, 98, 156

Rhalli family (Byzantine migrants to Russia), 75

Riazan, 65, 78

Richelieu, Due de, 205

Riga, 98, 104, 142, 156, 178, 219

Riurik the Viking, 2, 4, 28, 29, 39

Riurik’s town see Kiev

Rokossovskii, Marshal K.K., 257

Roman Empire, later see Byzantine Empire

Roman, Prince of Volhynia, 45

Romania, Romanians, 157, 181, 219, 221, 222, 253, 255, 263, 264, 265, 275, 277, 283, 292, 310

Romanov Empire, 320; disintegration of, 1; as epitome of power and aggression, 1; establishment of, 1; expansion of, 1, 168-9; see also named Tsars eg. Alexander I; Alexis; Catherine II (Catherine the Great); Nicholas I; Peter I (Peter the Great) etc. Romanov, Boyar Fedor Filaret, Patriarch of Moscow, 122, 123, 126

Romanov, Tsar Michael, 126

Romanov family, 114, 115, 126, 157

Rome, 27; see also Catholic Church/Papacy

Rondeau, Claudius, 168

Rostov, 44, 58, 60

Rostov-on-Don, 251, 257

Rublev, Andrei (painter), 50

Russia: advance halted, 210; advantages of, 324-6; anti-revolutionary stance of, 208; authoritarian measures in, 315-16; change of regime in, 312-15; civil wars, 1, 117-23, 238-9; clash with Chechens, 306-9, 313; and cost of transition to democracy, 304-6; and democracy, 322; early chroniclers of, 2, 5; economic improvements in, 322-3; effect of climate and landscape on, 322; emergence of state, 25-6; foreign interest in its distress, 124-5; foreign view of, 177; and free market policies, 302-4; imperial collapse, 1; international alliances, 231; international standing of, 306-7; invasion of, 1; Islamic links, 51; loss of European predominance, 222; managed democracy in, 316-17; Poland as catalyst for recovery, 123-6; political coherence of, 53-7; power of, 321-2; Presidential campaigns in, 309—10; prospects for, 323—6; recognised as European power, 146; recovery/revival of, 1-2, 50-1, 128-49, 317-18; and rise of provincial nationalism, 219; ruble crisis in, 311—12; social/industrial problems, 227-8; status of, 323; Tatar exploitation of, 49—50; territorial reductions, 302, 321; and terrorism, 231, 314, 317; as threat to British interests, 205-8; and treaty of ‘eternal peace’, 128; use of imperial symbol, 304-5; vulnerability of, 322

Russia Company, 174

Russian imperialism: and adoption of double-headed eagle, 3, 75, 87, 220-1; development of, 4, 68-70; and dilemma of devolvement or centralization of power, 197-9; expansion of, 169-70; and foreign policy, 74-8; language issues, 218-21; origins of, 2-3; phoenix-like nature of, 2; reversal in, 212-13; Russification policies, 184-5, 218-21; spread of 204—5; and territorial acquisition, 71-4; understanding of, 2; see also empire building

Russian Revolution, 238, 254; events leading up to, 233—7

Russia-America Company, 188

Russians, 24, 46; ancestors of, 10; character of, 21; European by descent, 5-6; identity, patriotism and nationalism, 86, 127, 247, 259; intermarriage of, 25; prejudice against blacks, 25; shaped by climate and ecology, 25; and shaving of beards, 85-6; tolerance of strangers, 25; and trade with the Vikings, 24-5

Russification policy: application of, 186—7; counter-productivity of, 218—19; a n d language issues, 183, 219—20; and nationalist movements, 219-21; and Poland, 184, 218-19; and regional administration, 184—5; and Ukraine, 184-5; a n d uniform centralism, 184; and Volga region, 186—7; see also foreign relations

Russo-Japanese War (1904), 1, 230-1

Russo-Persian Treaty (1827), 204

Rutskoi, Aleksandr, 305

Sachs, Jeremy, 295, 302

Safavid dynasty, 160

St Gabriel (ship), 162

St Petersburg, 150, 171, 172, 191, 197, 311; Academy of Sciences, 175; attitude towards Poland, 218; and control of Kazakhs, 160; creation of, 157; and killing of peaceful demonstrators in, 231, 233; New Year’s Day (1740) spectacle, 176; origin/development of, 153-4; railway connections, 213—14; Winter Palace, 231, 233; see also Leningrad

St Petersburg Council (Soviet) of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies, 236

Saint-Cyr, General, 193

Sakhalin, 161, 225, 263

Salang Pass, 279

Samarkand, 222

Sarai, 46, 48, 50, 54

Sarajevo, 3 13

Saratov, 110 , 182

Sarkel, 22

Sarmatians, 18

Sarts, 217

Saudi Arabia, 307

Scandinavia, 27

Schalk, Colonel Gottlieb von, 137

Schlitte, Hans, 90

Schonberg, Nicholas, 85

Scythians, 17—18

Sea of Azov, 37, 205

Sea of Okhotsk, 161

Second Turkish War (1787-92), 185, 187-8

Second World War, 2, 8, 253-60, 261, 262-3, 274, 279

Secret Police sec Cheka; Federal Security

Service (FSB); KGB; NKVD

Selim II, Sultan, 95

Semen (great-grandson of Ivan ‘Money-Bag’), 63

Semino, Dr O., 6

Serbia, Serbs, 9, 157, 204, 220, 221, 222,

313

Sergius of Radonezh, St, 50, 58-61, 64,

319

settlements, societies: and beginnings of

serfdom, 106; Bronze Age, 12; burial

practices, 11-12; cluster developments,

18-19; defensive, 110-11; defensive

and governmental, 110 ; distribution of,

52; effect of climate on, 5-6, 15-17,

18; ethnographic studies on, 8-9; food