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Stephen Fritz - Frontsoldaten

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Название:
Frontsoldaten
Автор:
Stephen G. Fritz
Издательство:
The University Press of Kentucky
Жанр:
История / military_history / на английском языке
Год:
1997
Город:
Lexington
ISBN:
9780813127811
Рейтинг книги:
4 / 5. Голосов: 1
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Frontsoldaten: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация

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Alois Dwenger, writing from the front in May of 1942, complained that people forgot “the actions of simple soldiers…. I believe that true heroism lies in bearing this dreadful everyday life.”
In exploring the reality of the Landser, the average German soldier in World War II, through letters, diaries, memoirs, and oral histories, Stephen G. Fritz provides the definitive account of the everyday war of the German front soldier. The personal documents of these soldiers, most from the Russian front, where the majority of German infantrymen saw service, paint a richly textured portrait of the Landser that illustrates the complexity and paradox of his daily life.
Although clinging to a self-image as a decent fellow, the German soldier nonetheless committed terrible crimes in the name of National Socialism. When the war was finally over, and his country lay in ruins, the Landser faced a bitter truth: all his exertions and sacrifices had been in the name of a deplorable regime that had committed unprecedented crimes. With chapters on training, images of combat, living conditions, combat stress, the personal sensations of war, the bonds of comradeship, and ideology and motivation, Fritz offers a sense of immediacy and intimacy, revealing war through the eyes of these self-styled “little men.”
A fascinating look at the day-to-day life of German soldiers, this is a book not about war but about men. It will be vitally important for anyone interested in World War II, German history, or the experiences of common soldiers throughout the world.

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5. Grupe, Jahrgang 1916, pp. 74–75; letter of Harry Mielert (27 Dec. 1942) in Mielert-Pflugradt, Russische Erde, p. 44; Grupe, Jahrgang 1916, pp. 113–14.

6. Woltersdorf, Gods of War, p. 206; van Creveld, Fighting Power, esp. pp. 74–76, 33–37; Bartov, Hitler’s Army, pp. 30–31; Struve, Elites against Democracy, pp. 446–48; Kroener, “Auf dem Weg,” pp. 651–82. On the German tradition, see Gordon A. Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army, 1940–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956); Karl Demeter, The German Officer Corps in Society and State, 1650–1945 (London, 1965); Martin Kitchen, A Military History of Germany: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1975).

7. Shils and Janowitz, “Cohesion and Disintegration,” p. 368; van Creveld, Fighting Power, pp. 163–64. On the question of primary group loyalty, see also Gurfein and Janowitz, “Wehrmacht Morale,” pp. 200–208; Chodoff, “Ideology and Primary Groups,” pp. 569–93; Madej, “Effectiveness and Cohesion” pp. 233–48; Weidenreich, “Why He Fights,” pp. 43–45.

8. Hitler’s 1933 speech quoted in Rempel, Hitler’s Children, pp. 1–2; Hitler’s speeches at Nuremberg and Reichenberg quoted in Noakes and Pridham, Nazism, pp. 416–17.

9. Hitler Youth leader quoted in Noakes and Pridham, Nazism, pp. 427–28; interview with Gustav Köppke in Niethammer, “Heimat und Front,” p. 210. On worker support for Hitler and National Socialism within the Wehrmacht, see Bartov, “The Missing Years,” pp. 46–65; Steinert, Hitler’s War, pp. 196–302.

10. Grupe, Jahrgang 1916, pp. 40, 47, 87, 60–61, 65. On the cult of death in Nazi Germany, see Baird, To Die For Germany.

11. Grupe, Jahrgang 1916, pp. 62–63, 67–69, 72.

12. Grupe, Jahrgang 1916, p. 110:

Die dunkle Nacht ist nun vorbei
und herrlich beginnt es zu tagen!
Kamerad, pack an, die Arbeit macht frei—
frischauf, wir wollen es wagen!
Grau wie die Erde ist unser Kleid—
graue Soldaten in sturmschwerer Zeit!

13. Buchner, Handbuch der Deutschen Infanterie, p. 15; Holmes, Firing Line, pp. 294–95; Woltersdorf, Gods of War, p. 99.

14. Pöppel, Heaven and Hell, p. 47; Grupe, Jahrgang 1916, pp. 89–90, 165, 279; letters of Helmut Vethake (18 April 1943) and Wolfgang Döring (16 June 1941), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, pp. 236, 19–20.

15. Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, pp. 40, 83–84, 121.

16. Heinrich, Cross of Iron, pp. 173–74; Pöppel, Heaven and Hell, pp. 46–47; letter of Karl Friedrich Oertel (22 Jan. 1945, in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, p. 439.

17. Letters of Rolf Schroth (Autumn 1942), Helmut Vethake (18 April 1943), and Wolfgang Döring (16 June 1941), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, pp. 166, 236, 19–20.

18. Letter of Helmut Pabst (6 Oct. 1942), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, p. 252.

19. Letter of anonymous soldier (18 May 1941), in Dollwet, “Menschen im Krieg,” p. 306; letter of Harry Mielert (27 Nov. 1942), in Mielert-Pflugradt, Russische Erde, p. 39.

20. Letters of Harry Mielert (6 Dec. 1943 and 27 Nov. 1942), in Mielert-Pflugradt, Russische Erde, pp. 113–14, 39.

21. Letter of Harry Mielert (17 May 1941), in Mielert-Pflugradt, Russische Erde, p. 7; Pöppel, Heaven and Hell, p. 168.

22. Letters of Harry Mielert (20 Nov. 1942, 3 May 1943), in Mielert-Pflugradt, Russische Erde, pp. 37, 76.

23. Pöppel, Heaven and Hell, pp. 71–72.

24. Letter of Siegfried Roemer (27 March 1943), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, p. 333; letter of anonymous soldier (24 Nov. 1943), in Dollwet, “Menschen im Krieg,” p. 293; Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, p. 249.

25. Letter of Will Thomas (19 Jan. 1942), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, p. 100.

26. Letters of Kurt Reuber (3 and 25 Dec. 1942) and “After Christmas,” in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, pp. 191, 194, 196; Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, pp. 311, 113, 461, 118.

27. Letter of Harry Mielert (22 March 1943), in Mielert-Pflugradt, Russische Erde, p. 64.

28. Grupe, Jahrgang 1916, pp. 215–16:

Wenn einer von uns müde wird,
der andre für uns wacht;
wenn einer von uns zweifeln sollt’,
der andre gläubig lacht.
Wenn einer von uns fallen sollt’,
der andre steht für zwei,
denn jedem Kämpfer gab ein Gott
den Kameraden bei!

29. Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, pp. 267, 342.

30. Ibid., pp. 246–47.

31. Pöppel, Heaven and Hell, pp. 56, 65.

32. Ibid., pp. 90, 170; diary entry of Bernhard Ernst Buhl (18 July 1942), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, p. 142.

33. Letter of Harry Mielert (8 July 1943), in Mielert-Pflugradt, Russische Erde, p. 85.

34. Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, pp. 399–400, 410–11.

35. Holmes, Firing Line, pp. 311–13; letters of Helmut von Harnack (21 Oct. 1941) and Klaus Löscher (11,16, and 18 Jan. 1944), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, pp. 91, 324–25.

36. Pöppel, Heaven and Hell, p. 88; letter of anonymous soldier (11 July 1941), in Dollwet, “Menschen im Krieg,” p. 314; letter of anonymous soldier (Aug. 1944), in Hastings, Overlord, p. 219; letter of Siegfried Roemer (7 March 1944), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, p. 334.

37. Letter of Rembrand Elert (21 and 22 March 1944), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, pp. 352–53.

38. Letters of Helmut Vethake (13 June 1943) and Siegbert Stehmann (18 Oct. 1943), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, pp. 237–38, 420; letter of anonymous soldier (7 June 1943), in Dollwet, “Menschen im Krieg,” p. 292.

39. Letter of anonymous soldier (15 Sept. 1942), in Dollwet, “Menschen im Krieg,” p. 305; letter of Bernhard Ritter (19 Aug. 1941), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, p. 50.

40. Hansmann, Vorüber—nicht vorbei, pp. 13, 75; letter of anonymous soldier (19 Aug. 1941), in Dollwet, “Menschen im Krieg,” p. 306; Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, p. 328.

41. Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, pp. 93–96.

42. Letter of Harry Mielert (16 Oct. 1943), in Mielert-Pflugradt, Russische Erde, p. 102; Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, pp. 375–76.

43. Letter of Hans Martin Stählin (4 Nov. 1941), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, p. 121; letter of Harry Mielert (7 July 1943), in Mielert-Pflugradt, Russische Erde, p. 85.

44. Diary entry of Ernst Friedrich Schauer (22 Feb. 1942), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, pp. 290–91.

45. Letter of anonymous soldier (13 June 1943), in Dollwet, “Menschen im Krieg,” p. 302.

46. Letter of Private K.B. (2 Oct. 1939), in Buchbender and Sterz, Andere Gesicht, p. 45 no. 29; letters of Helmut von Harnack (23 Sept. 1941) and Bernhard Ernst Buhl (2 Aug. 1942), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, pp. 90–91, 143–44.

47. Letter of Harry Mielert (5 May 1943), in Mielert-Pflugradt, Russische Erde, p. 77; letter of anonymous soldier (27 Oct. 1942), in Dollwet, “Menschen im Krieg,” p. 311.

48. Letters of Hans Pietzcker (20 Oct. 1942) and Reinhard Goes (24 Nov. 1943), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, pp. 215, 458.

49. Pöppel, Heaven and Hell, pp. 222–23; letters of Klaus Löscher (Oct. 1942-April 1944), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, pp. 321–30, include the Hausmann poem: