Stephen Fritz - Ostkrieg

Rotkopf ammunition, 207

Rotmistrov, Pavel (General), 348–50

Rovno, 89

Rozan bridgehead, 444

rubber, 58, 63, 119, 169, 486

Ruhr, 137, 230, 330–31, 337, 458

Rumania

changes sides in war, 436

fighting in, 89, 141, 395, 405, 435

forces fighting in the Soviet Union: assessment of, 306–7, 309, 314, 367, 434–36

in Barbarossa, 89, 141

in Blau, 236, 276

in the Crimea, 242, 245, 278

morale in, 307

at Stalingrad, 288–89, 292, 306–9, 314–15, 321, 539n30

and Germany, 44, 234, 236, 306, 362, 435

German military intervention in, 49

oil, 37, 39, 41, 47, 49, 83–84, 132, 169, 241, 245, 272, 277, 379, 392, 406, 427

relations with Hungary, 49, 436

Soviet pressure on, 32, 36, 41, 49–50

surrender, 436

Rundstedt, Gerd von (Field Marshal), 89, 140–41, 143, 145, 164–65, 170

Russia. See Soviet Union

Rybinsk, 182

Rynok, 286

Rzhev, 161, 167–68, 210–11, 213–14, 303–4

Sachsenhausen, 260. See also concentration camps

Salsk, 275

Sandomierz, 442–43

Sapun Heights, 246

Saratov, 282

Saturn, Operation, xvi, 304, 316

Sauckel, Fritz, 178, 220–23, 226, 257, 259, 327–28, 332, 481

Sauer, Karl Otto, 426

Saxony, 465, 468

Schirwindt, 430

Schlieffen Plan, 74

Schmidt, Paul, 8–9

Schmidt, Rudolf (General), 147, 208, 313

Schmundt, Rudolf (General), 36, 203–4, 281, 396

Schörner, Ferdinand (General), 397, 432–34, 445, 447

Schubert, Helmut, 256

Schwerin von Krosigk, Lutz. See Krosigk, Lutz Schwerin von

Schwerpunkt , xvii, 28, 53, 56, 84, 125, 243, 252, 276, 344, 381, 387, 407–8, 410, 412, 429, 461, 486

scorched-earth policy (German), 206, 372, 374, 455, 457

SD (Sicherheitsdienst [Security Service]), xvii, 13, 70, 103, 107–9, 135–36, 171, 178, 325, 331, 359, 428, 431, 449, 479

SD2 fragmentation bombs (devil’s eggs), 243–44

Sea Lion, Operation, 38

Sea of Azov, 323, 365, 370

second front, 234–35, 268, 277, 299, 325, 337–39, 342, 366, 399–400, 475

security troops (German), 333

security troops (Soviet), 269

Seelow, 463–64

Seelow Heights, 459, 462

Sejm River, 144, 154

Serafimovich, 285

Serock bridgehead, 444

Sevastopol, 164, 241, 245–47, 264, 268, 291, 398

Severnaya Bay, 246

Seydlitz-Kurzbach, Walter von (General), 213, 301, 312

Shaposhnikov, Boris (Marshal), 248–49

Shirer, William L., 1, 34, 40

Shlisselburg, 146

shortages. See German army: logistic problems; Red Army: logistics

Siberia, 62, 108, 115, 162, 174, 186, 200, 256, 327

Sicily, 350–52, 469

Sickle Cut, Operation (Sichelschnitt), 27–28, 54, 433

Siemens, 260

Silesia, 38–39, 260, 429, 441, 444–45, 447–49, 456, 460

Simonov, Konstantin, 274, 467

Sinelnikovo, 370

slave labor (German). See forced labor

Slavs

Nazi racial policy toward, 62, 93, 178, 225, 256, 259, 506n64

viewed as subhuman, 7, 18, 44, 69–70, 91, 106, 170, 254, 476

See also forced labor; Generalplan Ost; hunger policy; Lebensraum

Slovenia, 256

Slutsk, 86

Smolensk, 86–88, 113, 120–30, 133, 140, 149, 152, 200, 207, 219, 326, 360, 368–69, 450, 476, 484

Sobibor, 177, 181, 253, 361. See also concentration camps

social Darwinism. See Hitler

Sodenstern, George von (General), 143, 184

Somme, Battle of, 420

Sonnenwende, Operation, 448

Soviet Union

armaments production, 12, 41, 59, 81–82, 115

civilians: evacuated by Germans, 369, 372–74 ( see also forced labor); German use of forced labor ( see forced labor); Soviet use of to build fortifications, 157, 186

climate ( see mud; rasputitsa; weather)

economic importance to Germany, 40–41, 58–62, 82–83, 127

foreign policy of ( see Stalin)

German atrocities in ( see Einsatzgruppen; Final Solution; Generalplan Ost; German army; Germany: occupation policy; hunger policy; Jews)

German invasion of ( see Barbarossa)

German racial policies in ( see Final Solution; Generalplan Ost; Germany: occupation policy; hunger policy; Lebensraum)

German treatment of civilians ( see Generalplan Ost; Germany: occupation policy; hunger policy)

German transportation difficulties in ( see German army: logistics; mud; rasputitsa ; weather)

Hitler’s plans for “living space” ( see Generalplan Ost; Lebensraum)

Hitler’s views of ( see Bolshevism; Hitler)

and hunger policy ( see hunger policy)

impact of war on, xxii, 94, 214, 230, 238, 305, 333–34, 369–71, 471, 481

and Lend-Lease, 184, 230, 305, 471, 535n78

manganese mines, 371, 379

NKVD (secret police), 157, 269

Non-Aggression Pact with Germany, 9, 19, 25, 32, 36, 45, 50

oil in ( see oil)

partisan war ( see German army; partisans)

prisoners of war ( see Red Army: prisoners of war)

relocation of industry, 115

and resettlement of Volga Germans, 174

Russian nationalism, 273–75

and Soviet patriotism, 273–75

State Defense Committee, 156–57

tank production, 90, 115, 189–90, 230, 238, 305, 367

use of Germans as forced labor, 451

and Western allies ( see Stalin)

See also Red Army; Stalin; Stavka

Spain, 38, 44, 46–48

Speer, Albert

and aircraft industry, 334–35, 401–2, 426

and Allied bombing of Germany, 330–31, 363, 402

and armaments production, 228–30, 239, 260, 328, 366, 401–2, 421, 426–27, 440, 459, 472

and cooperation with Himmler, 331, 334–35

and establishment of “rings,” 229

and Final Solution, 219

and forced labor, 334–36

and Hitler, 3, 228, 268, 279, 399, 424, 434, 527n45

physical breakdown, 336

plans for preservation of post-war economy, 455–56

at Posen (October 1943), 335

and rationalization of war economy, 228–30, 239, 260, 328

and scorched earth (Germany), 456–57

and self-responsibility concept, 229

succeeds Todt, 228

and total war mobilization, 328–30, 334–36, 423–26

and war, 233

Zentrale Planung, 229

Spree River, 461, 464

Spring Awakening, Operation, 438

SS (Schutzstaffel)

Central Resettlement Office, 255

clashes with Hans Frank, 19, 21, 65, 73, 180, 258–59

Economic and Administrative Main Office (WVHA), 260–61

economic empire, 65, 259–61, 334–35, 364, 426

Waffen-SS, 103, 384, 399 ( see also Armies; Corps; Divisions)

See also Einsatzgruppen; Final Solution; Generalplan Ost; Heydrich; Himmler; hunger policy

“Stab in the back” myth ( Dolchstoss ), 69, 474, 480, 487

Stahlecker, Franz Walter, 94, 97, 111

Stalin, Joseph

and Bagration, 406–8, 418

and Barbarossa, 84–86, 89, 124, 140, 508n17

and battle for Kiev, 140–45

and Berlin offensive, 458, 460–66, 468–69

and Blau, 264–66, 273, 276

and counterattack at Moscow, 200, 207, 210–12, 214

and defense of Moscow, 148, 156–58, 186–87, 200

deportation of Volga Germans, 174

fear of Allied-German separate peace, 458, 466, 468

foreign policy, 29, 32, 37–38, 40–41, 45, 48–49, 73, 475

and the Hess affair, 79

and Hitler, 32, 38, 66, 75, 78, 90–91, 110, 131, 155–56, 231, 300, 475–76, 484

and Lend-Lease, 184, 230, 305, 471, 535n78

and mobilization of USSR, xxiii, 12, 23, 54, 75, 81, 115, 148, 230–31, 336, 357, 401, 455, 472, 486, 508n8