James Mann - The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan

I am once again grateful to have had the help and support of Adrian Zackheim, my editor at Viking, who remained patient and supportive through the long time it takes to produce a book. My agent, Rafe Sagalyn, provided sagacious advice, as he regularly does. Above all, I am thankful to my ever-supportive wife, Caroline Dexter, who knows all too well what it’s like to live with someone trying to write a book.

1 The details in this section are based upon an interview with Frank Carlucci, January 19, 2005, and an extensive private memorandum Nixon wrote to himself: Richard M. Nixon Memorandum to the File, April 28, 1987, obtained from the Richard Nixon Library.

2 Richard Nixon, RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1978), 1088.

3 Author interview with John Taylor, Nixon Library, August 3, 2006.

4 Nixon memorandum.

1 For Reagan and Nixon in 1960, see Ronald Reagan, An American Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), 133-36.

2 Stuart Spencer, oral interview, Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia, November 15, 2001.

3 Richard Nixon, RN: The Memiors of Richard Nixon (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1978), 285-86.

4 Lyn Nofziger, oral interview, Miller Center, March 6, 2003.

5 William Safire, Before the Fall (Garden City: Doubleday & Co., 1975), 53; Reagan, American Life , 178.

6 Author interview with Brent Scowcroft, May 26, 2005.

7 Wallace Turner, “Reagan Urges Nixon to See Congress, New York Times , August 7, 1974, 18.

8 Julie Nixon Eisenhower memorandum, Richard Nixon Library, October 30,1974.

9 Nixon letter to Reagan, August 20, 1976; Reagan letter to Nixon, August 20, 1976, in postpresidential correspondence, Richard Nixon Library.

10 Richard V. Allen, oral interview, Miller Center, May 28, 2002.

11 Memo to President-elect Ronald Reagan from Richard Nixon, November 17, 1980, Richard Nixon Library.

12 Allen oral interview, Miller Center.

13 Nixon letters to Ronald Reagan (Mark Felt, April 16, 1981; Reggie Jackson, October 31, 1981; Lech Walesa, December 31, 1981; political advice, October 1, 1982), Richard Nixon Library, postpresidential correspondence.

1 Author interview with Richard Allen, November 2, 2004.

2 Stephen E. Ambrose, Nixon: The Triumph of a Politician 1962-72 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989), 20.

3 H. R. Haldeman, The Haldeman Diaries (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1994), 424.

4 Reagan letter to Hugh Hefner, July 4, 1960, in Reagan: A Life in Letters (New York: Free Press, 2004), 147-48.

5 Stuart Spencer, oral interview, Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia, November 15, 2001, 9, 14, 66.

6 Kenneth Adelman, oral interview, Miller Center, September 30, 2003, 48.

7 Associated Press, “Watergate Depriving Nixon of Acclaim Due Him, Reagan Says,” Los Angeles Times , June 27, 1973, A3.

8 Lou Cannon, Governor Reagan: His Rise to Power (New York, Public Affairs, 2003), 396-97.

9 Jerry F. Hough, “The Soviet System—Petrification or Pluralism?” in Problems of Communism 21 (1972): 25-45.

10 Henry Kissinger, Years of Renewal (New York, Simon & Schuster, 1999), 99.

11 Wayne King, “Reagan for Economic Slowdown as a Method of Curing Inflation,” New York Times , January 29, 1976, 21; James Naughton, “Ford-Reagan Race: Similarity of Views,” New York Times , March 26, 1976, 16; Richard Bergholz, “Reagan Attacks Kissinger and Ford’s Foreign Policy,” Los Angeles Times , February 11, 1976, B1; Ronald Reagan, “Tactics for Détente,” from speech at Philips Exeter Academy, February 10, 1976, as excerpted in Wall Street Journal , February 13, 1976, 8.

12 Nofziger oral interview, Miller Center, 15-16; R. W. Apple, “Reagan Tops Ford in North Carolina,” New York Times , March 24, 1976, A1.

13 Republican platform, “Morality in Foreign Policy,” proceedings of the 1976 Republican National Convention.

14 Kiron K. Skinner, Annelise Anderson, and Martin Anderson, eds., Reagan: In His Own Hand (New York: Touchstone/Simon & Schuster, 2001), 12-15.

15 Skinner et al., Reagan In His Own Hand , 12.

16 Author interview with George Shultz, February 16, 2005.

1 Richard Nixon, The Real War (New York: Warner Books, 1980), 314.

2 Bernard Gwertzman, “Reagan Advisers Ponder Kissinger Foreign Policy Role,” New York Times , October 31, 1980, A-17; Anatoly Dobrynin, In Confidence (New York: Times Books, 1995), 464.

3 A. James Reichley interview with Richard Allen, Gerald R. Ford Library; Richard Allen “Memo For Governor Reagan Re Strategy for Peace,” August 25, 1978, obtained by author from Allen and on file in Hoover Institution archives.

4 William C. Wohlforth, ed., Witnesses to the End of the Cold War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 106.

5 Anatoly Dobrynin, In Confidence (New York: Times Books, 1995), 471-72.

6 Text of the President’s News Conference, January 29, 1981, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.

7 Author interview with Richard Allen, November 2, 2004.

8 Dobrynin, In Confidence , 490-91.

9 Author interview with Dennis Blair, March 25, 2005.

10 Ronald Reagan, Address to Members of the British Parliament, June 8, 1982.

11 Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, White House Staff and Office Files, Anthony Dolan, Box 19, speech drafts.

12 Ronald Reagan, Address of National Association of Evangelicals, March 8, 1983.

13 Stuart Spencer, oral interview, Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia, November 15, 2001, 119; Ronald Reagan, An American Life , 568-70.

14 The text of NSDD-75 was declassified and published in Robert C. McFarlane, Special Trust , (New York, Cadell & Davies, 1994), 372-80.

15 Richard Pipes, Vixi: Memoirs of a Non-Believer (New Haven, Yale University Press, 2003), 198; Thomas C. Reed, At the Abyss (New York: Ballantine Books, 2005), 240.

16 Pipes, Vixi Memoirs , pp. 201-2.

17 Jack F. Matlock, Jr., Reagan and Gorbachev (New York: Random House, 2004), 24-25.

18 Author interview with Peter Rodman, April 25, 2005.

19 Dobrynin, In Confidence , 554.

1 Henry A. Kissinger, “Reagan Must Seize the Middle Ground,” Los Angeles Times , November 18, 1984, E-1.

2 Michael Dobbs, Down With Big Brother (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997), 26.

3 Richard Nixon, “Meeting the Russians at the Summit,” New York Times , September 1, 1985, sect. 4, 13.

4 Memorandum on conversation with General Secretary Gorbachev at the Kremlin, July 18, 1986, Ronald Reagan postpresidential correspondence, Richard Nixon Library.

5 Ibid.

6 Anatoly S. Chernyaev, My Six Years With Gorbachev (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000), 76-77.

1 Kenneth Adelman, oral interview, Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Viginia, September 30, 2003.

2 The fullest exposition of Reagan’s antinuclear views is in Paul Lettow, Ronald Reagan and His Quest to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (New York: Random House, 2005). For accounts of the 1976 speech, see Lettow, 30-31, and Jim Kuhn, Ronald Reagan in Private (New York: Sentinel, 2004), 19-20.